Table 2.

Multivariate associations between baseline variables and the onset of daily cigarette use

Variable categories and variables	Category-specific models		Overall model
	OR (95 % CI)	p	OR (95 % CI)	p
Socio-demographics
Lower educational level (Ref)
Higher educational level	0.51 (0.37–0.71)	<.001	0.45 (0.32–0.65)	<.001
Living with parent or parents (Ref)
Living alone	1.45 (0.72–2.92)	.294
Living with partner	1.69 (0.84–3.41)	.144
Living with friends or in institution	2.25 (1.32–3.84)	.003
Religion and spirituality
Christian religion (Ref)
Muslim religion	1.40 (0.71–2.73)	.332	1.53 (0.74–3.17)	.250
Other religion	1.26 (0.54–2.92)	.579	1.01 (0.40–2.56)	.982
No religion	1.48 (1.09–2.01)	.013	1.42 (1.03–1.97)	.035
Atheist (Ref)
Agnostic	0.85 (0.58–1.25)	.410
Unsure what to think about god	0.995 (0.66–1.50)	.983
Believe in god but not practicing	0.86 (0.61–1.21)	.393
Believe in god and practicing	0.49 (0.29–0.84)	.010
Health and health behaviour
Depression (MDI, scale 0–50)	1.03 (1.01–1.04)	.001
Social context
Grew up with both parents (Ref)
…with parent and step-parent	2.60 (1.71–3.96)	<.001	2.16 (1.34–3.49)	.002
…with one parent	1.57 (1.12–2.20)	.008	1.27 (0.87–1.85)	.214
…with adoptive or foster parents or in institution	0.95 (0.29–3.08)	.928	0.71 (0.21–2.43)	.583
No psychiatric problem in peer/s at age of 15 (Ref)
Psychiatric problem in peer/s at age of 15	1.97 (1.53–2.54)	<.001	1.35 (1.02–1.78)	.038
Substance use
Never used ≥ 50 cigarettes
Lifetime use of ≥ 50 cigarettes	4.88 (3.37–7.08)	<.001	4.22 (2.89–6.16)	<.001
No use of cigarettes during previous 12 months
Occasional (non-daily) cigarette use	3.02 (2.01–4.54)	<.001	3.02 (1.99–4.58)	<.001
No cannabis use (previous 12 months) (Ref)
No problem use (CUDIT)	1.41 (1.03–1.92)	.031	1.52 (1.10–2.09)	.011
Problem use (CUDIT)	3.00 (2.02–4.47)	<.001	3.06 (2.00–4.67)	<.001
Personality
Sensation seeking (BSSS total score, range 1–5), M (SD)	1.36 (1.15–1.60)	<.001
Aggression (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0–10)	1.07 (1.01–1.14)	.025
Sociability (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0–10)	1.12 (1.06–1.19)	<.001	1.12 (1.04–1.20)	.002
No anti-social personality disorder (Ref)
Anti-social personality disorder	1.84 (1.33–2.52)	<.001

Nagelkerke’s R ²: overall model: 0.279, demographics: 0.018, religion and spirituality: 0.012, health and health behaviour: 0.006, social context: 0.032, substance use: 0.251, personality: 0.046

BSSS Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, CI confidence interval, CUDIT Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test, MDI Major Depressive Inventory, OR Odds Ratio, Ref reference category, ZKPQ Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire