Table 1.

Summary of genetic/epigenetic/gene expression alterations in gastric and intestinal phenotypes of gastric cancer

	Function	Frequency (%)		References
		Gastric phenotype	Intestinal phenotype
Transcription factor		SOX2	CDX1, CDX2
TP53 mutation	Tumor suppressor	5	31	8
APC deletion	Tumor suppressor	0	38	16
CDH1 mutation	Calcium-dependent cell adhesion protein	21	0	17
TP73 deletion	Apoptotic response to DNA damage	80	0	19
Microsatellite instability	–	45	0	8
MLH1 DNA methylation	DNA mismatch repair	74	33	20
MGMT DNA methylation	DNA repair	46	82	21
β-catenin nuclear staining	Canonical Wnt signaling pathway	6	46	13
AID expression	Single-stranded DNA-specific cytidine deaminase	14	38	22
EGFR expression	Receptor tyrosine kinase	12	31	32
Cytokeratin profile	–	CK7+/CK20−	CK7−/CK20+	13
LI-cadherin expression	Calcium-dependent cell adhesion protein	5	63	32
Reg IV expression	Calcium-independent lectin	1	77	11
HoxA10 expression	Sequence-specific transcription factor	25	44	54
Desmocollin 2 expression	Component of intercellular junction	28	45	61
MDR1 expression	Energy-dependent efflux pump	48	74	83
Olfactomedin 4 expression	Unknown function	73	44	46
Claudin-18 down-regulation	Calcium-independent cell-adhesion	44	74	70

AID, activation-induced cytidine deaminase; CK, cytokeratin; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor.