Table 1.

Different pathways and how they can be used as targets, with some examples

Pathways	Mechanism of action	Examples	Trial phase	References
Notch signalling pathway	γ-secretase inhibitors or aspartyl protease inhibitors	RO-4929097	Phase I/II	Shih and Wang, 2007; Olsauskas-Kuprys et al. 2013
Hedgehog signalling pathway	SMO antagonist and Pathed1 antagonists	Cyclopamine	Phase II	Merchant et al. 2010
Wnt/b-catenin pathway	FZD7 receptor and Wnt co-receptor the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-6 inhibitors	Salinomycin	Phase I/II	King et al. 2012
PARP inhibitors	Inhibits repair of single stranded DNA breaks	Iniparib	Phase II/III	Tutt et al. 2010, Lancet 2010; 376:235–244
		Olaparib	Phase II
		Rucaparib	Phase II
		Veliparib	Phase I
EGFR inhibitors	Inhibits overexpressed epidermal growth factor	GefItinib	Phase II	Ueno et al. 2011
mTOR inhibitors	Inhibits FK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin associated protein 1	Everolumus	Phase II	http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00998036
		Temsirolimus	Phase II
TGF-β signalling pathway	TGFBR1 inhibitor	LY2157299	Phase I	Bhola et al. 2013
CSPG4 proteins	Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 targeted monoclonal antibody	CSPG4-specific monoclonal antibody	Tested in a few patients with breast cancer	Wang et al. 2010a