Table 1.
Baseline clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic characteristics of the overall cohort
| Clinical parameter | PAH (n = 39) |
Survivors (n = 27) |
Nonsurvivors (n = 12) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 40.5 ± 3.7 | 41.3 ± 12.6 | 38.8 ± 16.4 | 0.6 |
| Female sex, no. (%) of patients | 28 (72.0) | 20 (74) | 8 (67) | 0.6 |
| BMI | 30.3 ± 6.5 | 30.2 ± 5.9 | 30.7 ± 8.3 | 0.8 |
| Etiology, no. (%) of patients | 0.4 | |||
| Idiopathic and familial | 14 (35.9) | 9 (33) | 5 (42) | |
| Drugs and toxins | 12 (30.8) | 10 (37) | 2 (17) | |
| Connective tissue disease | 12 (30.8) | 7 (26) | 5 (42) | |
| HIV infection | 1 (2.6) | 1 (3.7) | 0 | |
| NYHA 3 or 4, no. (%) of patients | 29 (74.4) | 21 (78) | 8 (67) | 0.5 |
| Six-minute walk distance, m | 382 ± 132 | 396 ± 147 | 350 ± 84 | 0.3 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 1,513 ± 1,202 | 1,506 ± 1,254 | 1,555 ± 1,008 | 0.9 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| Total RAEF, % | 24.4 ± 15.1 | 27.6 ± 14.3 | 17.3 ± 14.9 | 0.05 |
| Passive RAEF, % | 8.5 ± 6.9 | 8.6 ± 6.9 | 8.3 ± 7.3 | 0.9 |
| Active RAEF, % | 17.6 ± 13.9 | 20.8 ± 13.4 | 10.3 ± 11.3 | 0.03 |
| RVSP, mmHg | 82.0 ± 20.1 | 82.3 ± 21.0 | 81.3 ± 18.6 | 0.1 |
| Right atrial volume index, mL/m2 | 54.0 ± 24.9 | 52.4 ± 29.7 | 56.0 ± 30.9 | 0.7 |
| Right ventricular diameter, cm | 5.3 ± 0.8 | 5.3 ± 0.8 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 0.8 |
| TAPSE, cm | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 0.6 |
| LVEF, % | 58 ± 4 | 59 ± 3 | 55 ± 6 | 0.08 |
| Pericardial effusion, no. (%) of patients | 17 (43.6) | 12 (44) | 5 (42) | 1.0 |
| Hemodynamic parameters | ||||
| mRAP, mmHg | 9.8 ± 4.8 | 9.5 ± 4.6 | 10.6 ± 5.4 | 0.5 |
| mPAP, mmHg | 54.5 ± 11.6 | 53.8 ± 12.5 | 56.2 ± 9.4 | 0.6 |
| CO, L/min | 3.48 ± 1.07 | 3.53 ± 1.27 | 3.40 ± 0.49 | 0.7 |
| PVR, WU | 14.6 ± 7.2 | 14.6 ± 8.5 | 14.5 ± 3.3 | 1.0 |
| PAC, mL/mmHg | 1.10 ± 0.99 | 1.22 ± 1.20 | 0.88 ± 0.27 | 0.4 |
Note
Date are mean value ± standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated. BMI: body mass index, defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters; CO: cardiac output; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; mRAP: mean right atrial pressure; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PAC: pulmonary arterial compliance; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; RAEF: right atrial emptying fraction; RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; WU: Wood units.