Table 2.

Future directions

Future Research Goals
• Improve characterization of subclinical AKI.
• Broaden the phenotyping of patients with AKI based on biological mechanisms of injury.
Applying Biomarker Characteristics
-Kinetics and reference range for severity of injury and chance of recovery/survival
-Reference range in CKD
Unbiased studies in AKI to identify unique biomarkers specific to different subtypes of AKI and respective biological pathways driving injury.
• Expand statistical methods
Combine biomarkers and/or clinical parameters with biomarkers.
Cluster methods for improved phenotyping.
Better approaches (i.e., Bayesian methods) to improve biomarker combinations.
Combine existing biomarker studies to harness knowledge using meta-analytic techniques.
• Extrapolate findings from clinical studies to precisely predict risk in an individual
• Develop and institute point-of-care biomarker assays for rapid turnaround time for diagnosis, clinical trial enrollment, and risk assessment for clinical decision-making.
• Advanced biomarkers as drug development tools through FDA biomarker qualification pathways (prognostic, predictive, surrogate, and safety biomarkers).
• Improve AKI animal models to incorporate comorbidities and aging.