Table 3.

Effect of Muricidae extracts and synthetic analogue compounds on basal and gonadotrophin-stimulated progesterone and estrogen synthesis in vitro. Only the effects of non-cytotoxic concentrations of compounds are summarised in this table.

Source	Compound	Cell Type	Hormone	Dose Response
Synthetic compounds 0, 0.00001, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mg/mL	6,6′ dibromoindirubin	JAr	Basal P4	N-shaped 1, low doses stimulated, 0 and high doses N/E, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h
	indirubin		Basal P4	N-shaped, Low doses stimulated, 0 and high doses N/E, 24 h
	5-bromoisatin		Basal P4	N-shaped, low doses stimulated, 0 and high doses N/E, 24 h
	indirubin	GC	Basal P4	U-shaped 2, 48 h, 72 h
	5-bromoisatin		Basal P4	Dose-dependent stimulation, 48 h
Hypobranchial gland extract 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/mL	mixture of 6-bromoisatin, tyrindolinone, tyrindoleninone, tyrindoxyl sulphate	GC	Basal P4	N/E
			hCG P4	N/E
			Basal E2	0.05 mg/mL stimulated, 24 h
			hCG E2	U-shaped, 4 h, 24 h, 48 h
	tyrindoleninone	GC	Basal P4	N/E
			hCG P4	N/E
			Basal E2	N-shaped, 24, 48 h
			hCG E2	N-shaped, 24, inhibition—48 h
	6-bromoisatin	GC	Basal P4	U-shaped 4 h, N/E 24 h, 48 h
			hCG P4	N/E
			Basal E2	U-shaped 4 h, N/E 24 h, 48 h
			hCG E2	Dose-dependent inhibition 4 h, 48 h
Egg mass extract 0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 mg/mL	mixture of 6-bromoisatin, tyrindolinone, tyrindoleninone, tyriverdin	GC	Basal P4	N/E
			hCG P4	Dose-dependent stimulation, 48 h
			Basal E2	N/E
			hCG E2	Dose-dependent stimulation, 48 h
	tyrindoleninone	GC	Basal P4	N/E
			hCG P4	Dose-dependent inhibition
			Basal E2	N-shaped 24, 48 h
			hCG E2	Stimulation 4, 24 h, n-shaped 48 h
Egg mass extract 0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 mg/mL	6-bromoisatin	GC	Basal P4	Lowest dose cytotoxic
			hCG P4	Dose-dependent inhibition, 48 h
			Basal E2	Lowest dose cytotoxic
			hCG E2	Dose-dependent stimulation, 48 h

JAr—human chorioplacental cancer cell line, GC—human primary-derived granulosa cells, P4—progesterone, E2—estradiol 17 beta, basal—constitutive hormone synthesis, hCG—exposed to human chorionic gonadotrophin in vitro, N/E—no effect and the same as control, stimulation—steroid hormone synthesis stimulated to be significantly higher than controls, inhibition—steroid hormone synthesis significantly lower than controls, h—hours of exposure in vitro [106,136].¹ N shaped curve = typical hormetic response with low dose stimulation and high dose inhibition; ² U shaped response = inverse hormesis with low dose inhibition and high dose stimulation.