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. 2015 Sep 2;7:72. doi: 10.1186/s13098-015-0068-6

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© Gao et al. 2015

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Reduced inflammatory phenotype in pio-treated diabetic BBDZR/Wor rats. Splenocytes from all four groups were cultured for 6 h ex vivo in the presence of Phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate (PMA) at a concentration of 100 ng/mL. Golgi Plug was added for the last 4 h of treatment to inhibit protein transport. Cells were harvested and analyzed for different cytokines. Gates were established by using respective anti-cytokine isotype control. Upper panels are representative from n = 3 and lower panels (bar graphs) represent % ± SD. a Results for CD3⁺TNF-α-producers (^# p < 0.005, p < 0.05); b CD3⁺IL-1β-producers (* p < 0.05); and c CD3⁺IL-4 and total IL-4 producers (^# p < 0.0005, *p < 0.005, ^¶ p < 0.05)