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. 2015 Jun 17;6:7264. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8264

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(a) The data suggest that Nrp1 inhibits Smad2/3 phosphorylation by Alk5 and Alk1 in response to Tgf-β and Bmp9/10 in tip cells (yellow). VEGF-dependent, but Nrp1-independent upregulation of Dll4 in the tip leads to Notch activation in stalk cells, which decreases Nrp1 levels in the stalk cell (blue). The reduction of Nrp1 in the stalk results in higher pSmad2/3 levels and stalk cell behaviour. (b) In an Nrp1 knock-out situation, pSmad2/3 activation leads to the activation of stalk cell behaviour in all endothelial cells, resulting in sprouting inhibition.