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. 2015 Aug 12;6:8049. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9049

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HAADF images (a–c) and the atomic displacement map (d–f) of a virgin (a) and pre-damaged sample (S₀=0.72) before (b,e) and after (c,f) 21 MeV Ni⁺ irradiation to 10 ions per nm². The scale bars on the HAADF images correspond to 1 nm. The vector modulus (d–f) of the corresponding HAADF images (a–c) represents the displacement of each atom from its ideal position. The colour bar represents the vector modulus with a measurement error bar of 0.1 Å.