Table 1. Measured thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of DNA-intercalating cyanine dyes.

Dye	[NaCl] (M)	Equilibrium				Dissociation*			Association*
		K0 (M−1)	n (bp)	Δxeq (nm)	Φeq (pN)	koff,0−1 (s)	Δxoff (nm)	Φoff (pN)	kon,0 (M−1s−1)	Δxon (nm)	Φon (pN)
YO	0.1	(2.9±0.9) × 105	3.8±1.0	0.31±0.03	13.1	0.009±0.004	0.28±0.04	14.6	(3.2±1.7) × 107	0.03±0.05	151
	1.0	(3.4±0.9) × 103	2.1±0.6	0.35±0.03	11.7	†	†	†	†	†	†
SxO	0.1	(2.4±0.5) × 106	3.0±0.4	0.30±0.02	13.5	0.31±0.08	0.24±0.04	17.4	(7.9±2.6) × 106	0.07±0.04	63
	1.0	(4.4±0.7) × 104	2.4±0.6	0.32±0.01	13.0	0.23±0.02	0.14±0.02	28.4	(2.0±0.3) × 105	0.18±0.02	23
SbG	0.1	(7.8±3.3) × 106	3.2±0.5	0.30±0.01	13.9	0.61±0.17	0.28±0.03	14.5	(1.2±0.6) × 107	0.02±0.03	173
	1.0	(4.5±1.2) × 105	2.1±0.5	0.35±0.03	11.9	0.21±0.05	0.23±0.04	17.9	(2.1±0.8) × 106	0.12±0.05	33
SxG	0.1	(1.4±0.3) × 107	2.6±0.6	0.27±0.02	15.5	0.51±0.24	0.31±0.05	13.2	(2.6±1.1) × 107	−0.04±0.05	−118
	1.0	‡	‡	‡	‡	‡	‡	‡	‡	‡	‡
YOYO	0.1	§	§	§		48±17	0.61±0.10	6.8	§	§	§
	1.0	(2.8±1.4) × 104	4.7±0.7	0.71±0.04	5.8	0.09±0.06	0.58±0.07	7.1	(3.3±2.8) × 105	0.13±0.08	31
POPO	0.1	(8.5±6.0) × 104	6.5±2.3	0.55±0.07	7.5	0.10±0.06	0.56±0.11	7.3	(6.1±5.7) × 105	0.02±0.16	230
	1.0	(9.5±6.6) × 102	4.8±0.7	0.67±0.06	6.1	0.05±0.02	0.46±0.26||	8.8||	(1.2±1.0) × 104	0.29±0.27||	14.1||

^*Δx_off/on=k_BT/_off/on.

^†k_off,0 is too fast to be measured (k_off,0⁻¹<<0.01 s).

^‡K₀ is too low to be measured.

^§Equilibration is too slow to measure K₀.

^||Because k_off exhibited a nonexponential force dependence at high force, data fitting was restricted to 0<F≤24 pN (Fig. 5h).