Effect of immunosuppression on CD4 T cell frequency and proliferation. The frequency of naive (open circle), central memory (CM, closed square) and effector memory (EM, closed triangle) CD4 T cells was measured by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for (a) cohort 1, (c) cohort 2 and (e) cohort 3 rhesus macaques (RMs). The frequency of proliferating CD4 T cell subsets was measured by flow cytometry based on the expression of Ki67 in (b) cohort 1, (d) cohort 2 and (f) cohort 3 RMs. Average ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.). Dashed line indicates onset or change in immunosuppressive treatment; total body irradiation (TBI), cyclosporin A (CsA), tacrolimus (TAC), prednisone (pred), anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), anti-CD3 immunotoxin (CD3-IT) and Janus activated kinase inhibitor (JAK-Inh). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (anova) with Tukey's post-test to test differences between pre- and post-treatment values P < 0·001 ***naive, ###CM, +++EM; P < 0·01 **naive, ##CM, ++EM; P < 0·05 *naive, #CM, +EM.