Table 1.
Comparison of patient characteristics and ECMO courses between survivors and nonsurvivors.
| Variable | Survivors (n = 127) | Nonsurvivors (n = 74) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, no. (%) | |||
| 0 to <1 month | 88 (69.3) | 29 (39.2) | <.001 |
| ≥1 month to 1 year | 24 (18.9) | 15 (20.3) | |
| ≥1–7 years | 4 (3.2) | 18 (24.3) | |
| ≥8–18 years | 11 (8.7) | 12 (16.2) | |
| Male, no. (%) | 66 (51.9) | 35 (47.3) | .523 |
| ECMO indication, no. (%) | <.001 | ||
| Respiratory failure | 75 (59.1) | 27 (36.5) | |
| Cardiac failure | 27 (21.3) | 19 (25.7) | |
| Sepsis | 9 (7.1) | 2 (2.7) | |
| ECPR | 16 (12.6) | 26 (35.1) | |
| ECMO mode, no. (%) | |||
| VA-ECMO/CPS | 114 (89.8) | 69 (93.2) | .405 |
| VV-ECMO | 13 (10.2) | 5 (6.8) | |
| Epinephrine use before ECMO, no. (%) | 72 (56.7) | 53 (71.6) | .035 |
| Fluid administered in first 24 hours on ECMO (mL/kg) | 242 (191–311) | 269 (178–405) | .115 |
| ECMO duration (days), median (IQR) | 5 (3–9) | 7 (3–13) | .42 |
| Intracranial hemorrhage, no. (%) | 14 (11.0) | 20 (27.0) | .004 |
| Arterial blood gas values | |||
| pH pre-ECMO, median (IQR) | 7.34 (7.28–7.44) | 7.26 (7.07–7.37) | <.001 |
| pH post-ECMO, median (IQR) | 7.49 (7.40–7.57) | 7.39 (7.21–7.48) | <.001 |
| Delta-pH (mmHg), median (IQR) | .14 (.04–.24) | .13 (.05–.24) | .889 |
| paCO2 pre-ECMO (mmHg), median (IQR) | 40 (34–54) | 47 (37–68) | .019 |
| paCO2 post-ECMO (mmHg), median (IQR) | 28 (23–34) | 32 (23–40) | .034 |
| Delta-paCO2 (mmHg), median (IQR) | 14 (5–23) | 17 (5–35) | .889 |
| paO2 pre-ECMO (mmHg), median (IQR) | 63 (44–133) | 74 (39–245) | .424 |
| paO2 post-ECMO (mmHg), median (IQR) | 293 (110–400) | 279 (86–445) | .943 |
Data are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR) unless otherwise indicated. Differences between survivors and nonsurvivors were analyzed with the Wilcoxon rank sum test and χ2 test.
ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ECPR, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation; VA, venoarterial; CPS, mode of cardiopulmonary support for ECPR; VV, venovenous; IQR, interquartile range; Delta-pH = (last pH pre-ECMO - first pH post-ECMO initiation); Delta-paCO2 = (last paCO2 pre-ECMO - first paCO2 post-ECMO initiation); paCO2, arterial carbon dioxide content measured by blood gas; paO2, arterial oxygen content measured by blood gas.