Table 1. Genetic linkage studies in stroke.

First author (year)	Study type	Phenotype	Sample	Salient findings
Craig et al. (1998)74	Linkage analysis	Cerebral cavernous malformation	20 non-Hispanic Caucasian families	CCM – 1(7q) (found in Hispanic Americans), CCM2 (7p13-15) and CCM3 at 3q25.2-27 all found in non-Hispanic Caucasian families.
Nilsson-Ardnor et al. (2007)76	Genome-wide linkage analysis	All strokes; ischaemic stroke	56 Swedish families with familial stroke	LOD scores > 1.2 at 9 1ocations: 1p34, 5q13, 7q35, 9q22, 9q34, 13q32, 14q32, 18p11, and moderate linkage on chromosomes 5q, 9q, 13q, and 18p.
			Additional 53 families with familial strokes	Analysis of 53 additional families, further confirmed linkage on chromosomes 5q, 13q, and 18p.
Janunger et al. (2009)75	Genome-wide linkage analysis	All strokes	7 nuclear Swedish families with a common ancestor and connected over 8 generations	A maximum allele-sharing LOD score of 4.81 on chromosome 9q31-q33 was detected. Haplotype analysis identified a region for intracerebral haemorrhage.
Wang et al. (2014)77	Linkage and association analysis	Ischaemic stroke	227 Chinese families with ischaemic stroke	SNP rs1800798 in the IL-8 gene is signficantly linked to ischaemic stroke (p = 0.002) and small arterial occlusion (small-vessel disease) (p = 0.022).