Table 1. Optimization Studies for Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Carbocyclizations^a.

^aReaction conditions: 1a (0.1 mmol), Pd-cat (5–10 mol %), additive (0.2 equiv), AcOH (1 mL), 60 °C.

^bYield was determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy using mesitylene as internal standard. Parentheses represent the isolated yield. Product ratio was determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy using mesitylene as internal standard.

^cWhite catalyst.

^dReaction at 25 °C.

^eReaction at 40 °C.

^fReaction at 80 °C. L = triphenylphosphine, L1 = acridine. BPA = BINOL−racemic phosphoric acid.