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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 2.
Published in final edited form as: J Educ Psychol. 2012 Nov;104(4):954–958. doi: 10.1037/a0027757

Table 3.

A 2 × 2 Contingency Table for Optimal Lowercase Benchmark

Lowercase letter-naming benchmark (15) Letter-Word Identification
At risk Not at risk
Does not meet (fail) 37 123
Meets (pass) 16 195

Note. Using Table A3, sensitivity for the lowercase letter benchmark is calculated with 37/(37 + 16) = .70; specificity is 195/(123 + 195) = .61; positive predictive power is 37/(37 + 123) = .23; and negative predictive power is 195/(16 + 195) = .92.