Table 2.

Changes in HbA1c

	Author	On schedule	To visit	With information	HbA1c at baseline		Change in HbA1c		P-value	Comparisons tested
					Intervention group	Control group	Intervention group	Control group
39	Kirsh et al. 2007 [12]	✓			10.4	9.8	−1.44	0.30	.002	Group × Time interaction @18 mo.
70	Subramanian et al. 2009 [23]	✓			7.7	7.5	−0.19	−0.03	≤0.05	Group × Time interaction @1 year
3	Avdal et al. 2011 [61]			✓	8.0	8.1	−0.5	NA	≤.010	Time effect @6 mo.
							NA	0.05	NS	Time effect @6 mo.
5	Benhamou et al. 2007 [63]			✓	8.3	8.2	−0.14	0.12	.097	Group effect @6 mo.
7	Bond et al. 2007 [36]			✓	7.0	7.1	−0.6	−0.1	0.01	Group effect @6 mo.
8	Carter et al. 2011 [37]			✓	9.0	8.8	−2.18	−0.9	≤.050	Group effect @9 mo.
9	Cavan et al. 2003 [65]			✓	9.7	NA	−1.7a	NA	≤.005	Patients with a disease duration ≤ 10 years
										Time effect @2 year
					9.5	NA	−0.3a	NA	NS	Patients with a disease duration > 10 years
										Time effect @2 year
12	Cho et al. 2009 [66] (phone)			✓	8.3	NA	−1.1	NA	≤.010	Time effect @3 mo.
	Cho et al. 2009 [66] (internet)			✓	7.6	NA	−0.6	NA	<.010	Time effect @3 mo.
13	Cho et al. 2011 [67]			✓	8.0	8.0	−0.5	−0.2	<0.01	Time effect @3 mo.
18	Dijkstra et al. 2005 [54]			✓	8.1	8.0	−0.3	0.2	≤.001	Group effect @1 year
21	Farmer et al. 2005 [68]			✓	9.2	9.3	−0.6a	−0.4a	0.33	Group effect @9 mo.
24	Glasgow et al. 2003 [70] (peer support)			✓	7.54	7.35	−0.12	0.33	≤.05	Group × Time interaction @10 mo.
	Glasgow et al. 2003 [70] (tailored self-management)			✓	7.45	7.43	−0.03	0.24	NS	Group × Time interaction @10 mo.
26	Grant et al. 2008 [55]			✓	7.3	7.4	−0.16	−0.26	0.62	Group effect @1 year
27	Harno et al. 2006 [71]			✓	7.82	8.21	−0.50	NA	S	p ≤ .05 Group effect @1 year
							NA	−0.38	S
33	HS Kim et al. 2006 [42] “Impact of a nurse short message service intervention…”			✓	8.1	NA	−1.10	NA	.006	Time effect @3 mo.
34	HS Kim 2007 [39] “A randomized controlled trial of a nurse short-message…”			✓	8.09	7.59	−1.15	0.07	.005	Group × Time interaction @3 mo.
35	HS Kim 2007 [40] “Impact of web-based nurse’s education…”			✓	6.92	6.71	−0.21	NA	0.20	Patients with a baseline HbA1c < 7 %
										Time effect @3 mo.
							NA	0.43	.034	Patients with a baseline HbA1c < 7 %
										Time effect @3 mo.
					9.35	8.24	−2.15	NA	≤.007	Patients with a baseline HbA1c ≥ 7 %
										Time effect @3 mo.
							NA	0.22	NS	Patients with a baseline HbA1c ≥ 7 %
										Time effect @3 mo.
36	HS Kim and Jeong 2007 [41] “A nurse short message service by cellular phone…”			✓	8.09	7.59	−1.05a	0.11a	.008	Group × Time interaction @6 mo.
37	HS Kim and Song 2008 [43] “Technological intervention for obese patients with type 2 diabetes”			✓	8.16	7.66	−1.09a	0a	.043	Group × Time interaction @6 mo.
							−1.09a	NA	≤.050	Time effect @6 mo.
							NA	0a	NS	Time effect @6 mo.
38	SI Kim and HS Kim 2008 [73] “Effectiveness of mobile and internet intervention…”			✓	8.16	7.66	−1.49a	0.53a	.017	Group × Time interaction @12 mo.
							−1.49a	NA	≤.050	Time effect @12 mo.
							NA	0.53a	NS	Time effect @12mo.
39	Kwon et al. 2004 [74]			✓	7.5	NA	−0.5	NA	≤.003	Time effect @3 mo.
40	Kwon et al. 2004 [45]			✓	7.59	7.19	−0.54	0.33	<0.05	Group effect @3 mo.
							−0.54	NA	≤.050	Time effect @3 mo.
							NA	0.33	NS	Time effect @3 mo.
44	Lorig et al. 2010 [76] (treatment, no reinforcement)			✓	6.5	6.40	−0.03	0.13	0.04	Group effect @6 mo.
	Lorig et al. 2010 [76] (treatment and reinforcement)			✓	6.43		0.02	0.13	0.16	Group effect @6 mo.
	Lorig et al. 2010 [76] (treatment combined)			✓	6.47		−0.01	0.13	0.04	Group effect @6 mo.
46	McCarrier et al. 2006 [77]			✓	7.99	8.05	−0.37	0.11	0.16	Group effect @12 mo.
49	McMahon et al. 2005 [78]			✓	10.0	9.9	−1.6	−1.2	≤.050	Group × Time interaction @12 mo.
50	McMahon et al. 2012 [47] (online care)			✓	9.6	NA	−1.3	NA	<.0001	Time effect @1 year
									NS	Group effect between online care and usual care with web-training @1 year
	McMahon et al. 2012 [47] (telephone care)			✓	9.9	NA	−1.5	NA	<.0001	Time effect @1 year
									NS	Group effect between telephone care and usual care with web-training @1 year
	McMahon et al. 2012 [47] (usual care with web-training)			✓	10.1	NA	−1.7	NA	<.0001	Time effect @1 year
52	Meigs et al. 2003 [49]			✓	8.4	8.1	−0.23	0.14	0.09	Group × Time interaction @12 mo.
55	Moattari et al. 2013 [80]			✓	9.1	9.4	−2.0	−0.6	<.001	Between group @3 mo.
56	Moorman et al. 2012 [81]			✓	8.9	8.9	NA	NA	NS	Between prospective (intervention) vs. retrospective (control) group
57	Musacchio et al. 2011 [82]			✓	6.6	NA	0.2	NA	NP	Patients with a baseline HbA1c < 7.5 % @12 mo.
					7.7	NA	−0.4	NA	NP	Patients with a baseline HbA1c between 7.5 % and 8 % @12 mo.
					8.3	NA	−0.9	NA	NP	Patients with a baseline HbA1c between 8 % and 9 % @12 mo.
					10.0	NA	−2.2	NA	NP	Patients with a baseline HbA1c > 9 % @12 mo.
58	Nes et al. 2012 [83]			✓	7.4	NA	−0.4	NA	NP	@3 mo.
61	Ralston et al. 2009 [38]			✓	8.2	7.9	−0.9	0.2	0.01	Group × Time interaction @12 mo.
62	Ryan et al. 2013 [85]			✓	7.5	NA	−0.6	NA	0.04	Time effect @ 13 mo.
63	Sacco et al. 2009 [48]			✓	8.4	8.5	−1.0	−0.7	NS	Group effect @6 mo.
67	KE Smith et al. 2004 [86]			✓	10.95	NA	−2.22	NA	0.001	Time effect @6 mo.
68	Song et al. 2009 [87]			✓	7.6	7.7	−0.8a	−0.4a	0.26	Group × Time interaction @3 mo.
69	Stone et al. 2012 [88] (Active care management to care coordination with home telemonitoring)			✓	7.77	NA	0.26	NA	NS	Time effect @ 6 mo.
	Stone et al. 2012 [88] (Active care management to care coordination)			✓	7.97	NA	0.19	NA	NS	Time effect @ 6 mo.
	Stone et al. 2012 [88] (Care coordination to care coordination)			✓	8.56	NA	0.15	NA	NS	Time effect @ 6 mo.
	Stone et al. 2012 [88] (Care coordination to usual care)			✓	8.53	NA	0.31	NA	NS	Time effect @ 6 mo.
71	Tang et al. 2013 [89]			✓	9.2	9.3	−1.1	−1.0	0.13	Between group @1 year
73	Tildesley et al. 2010 [90]			✓	8.8	8.5	−1.2a	−0.1a	≤.050	Group effect @6 mo.
							−1.2a	NA	≤.001	Time effect @6 mo.
							NA	−0.1a	0.51	Time effect @6 mo.
76	Yoo et al. 2009 [91]			✓	7.6	7.4	−0.5	0.2	≤.001	Group × Time interaction @3 mo.
77	Yoon and HS Kim 2008 [92]			✓	8.09	7.59	−1.32a	0.81a	≤.001	Group × Time interaction @12 mo.
65	Seto et al. 2012 [16]	✓	✓		7.3	NA	−0.3	NA	<.001	Time effect @ 8 mo.
4	Bailie et al. 2004 [62]	✓		✓	9.0	NA	−0.2a	NA	0.23	Time effect @3 years
11	Cho et al. 2006 [57]	✓		✓	7.7	7.5	−1.0a	−0.1a	≤.050	Group effect @30 mo.
16	de Grauw et al. 2002 [19]	✓		✓	8.2	NA	−1.1	NA	≤.001	Unpaired t-test @6 year
30	Jones and Curry 2006 [50]	✓		✓	7.25	7.13	0.06	−0.18	0.24	Group effect within 16 months
45	MacLean et al. 2009 [20]	✓		✓	7.11	7.03	0.05	−0.02	0.08	Group × Time interaction @32 months
64	Sadur et al. 1999 [22]	✓		✓	9.7	9.6	−1.3	−0.22	≤.0001	Group effect @6 mo. or beyond
28	Holbrook et al. 2009 [28]		✓	✓	7.0	7.1	−0.2	0.2	0.03	Group effect @6 mo.
29	Hurwitz et al. 1993 [72]		✓	✓	10.4	10.3	−0.4	0.3	NP	Group effect @2 year
48	McDiarmid et al. 2001 [51]		✓	✓	8.0	NA	−0.1	NA	NP	Time effect @1 year
53	Meulepas et al. 2007 [30]		✓	✓	7.2	7.4	0	0.6	≤ .050	Group effect @2 year after intervention (baseline 1 year before intervention)
54	Meulepas et al. 2008 [31]		✓	✓	7.3	7.2	−0.2	0.1	<0.05	Group × Time interaction @3 years
72	Thomas et al. 2007 [26]		✓	✓	7.3	7.4	−0.02	−0.01	0.83	Group × Time interaction @ 1 year
75	Yeh et al. 2006 [33]		✓	✓	9.03	8.95	−1.65	−0.92	0.01	Group effect @8 mo.
42	Lin et al. 2007 [29]	✓	✓	✓	7.8	7.7	−0.6	NA	≤.050	Time effect @3 year
							NA	−0.3	0.24	Time effect @3 year

NS Non-significant (p-value>0.05), S Significant (p-value≤0.05), NA Not applicable, NP Not provided

Results are differences in mean before and after implementation of intervention except those indicated with the following superscripts

^aMultiple measurements are presented over time after the intervention in the paper, but the last measurement is used to calculate the difference in this table