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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Educ Psychol. 2015 Aug;107(3):884–899. doi: 10.1037/edu0000026

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Figure 1a is Model 1, with one factor; Figure 1b is Model 2, with four correlated factors; Figure 1c is Model 3, with three correlated factors; Figure 1d is Model 4, the bifactor model. Note. CELF = Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 4th ed. (Recalling Sentences subtest); CASL = Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language (Grammatical Judgment subtest); PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 4th ed.; SARA = Study Aid and Reading Assessment (V = vocabulary; M = morphology); SWE = Sight Word Efficiency, Forms A and B; PDE = Phonetic Decoding Efficiency, Forms A and B (both from the Test of Word Reading Efficiency); FCAT = Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test; GMRT = Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test.