Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| Author | Year | Study design | Age* | Country | HIV+ | Number | Intervention | Comparison | Outcome measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome: Disease incidence | |||||||||
| Domingues [15, 16] | 2014 | Matched case-control | 1–2 years | Brazil | - | 44 | Catch-up with PCV 10 | Unvaccinated children | 68.0% effectiveness against IPD (95% CI 17.6–87.6%) |
| Pirez [31] | 2011 | Retrospective study | 2–4 years | Uruguay | - | 12,752 | Catch-up with PCV 7 | Children prior to vaccination | P-CAP discharge rates declined from 27.1% to 10.20% post immunization; CAP discharge rates declined from 15.6% to 7.0% post immunization |
| Outcome: Immune response | |||||||||
| de Carmago Costa [28] | 2008 | Cohort | 2–9 years | Brazil | + | 40 | HIV+ children with PCV 7 | No comparison | 63.9% (95% CI 50.0–77.9%)) ≥1.3ug/ml for VT 39.3% (95% CI 25.6–53.0%) ≥ 4 fold increase in VT titre |
| Dicko [23] | 2012 | Cohort | 1–2 years | Mali | - | 69 | Catch-up with PCV 10 | No comparison | 96.3% (95% CI 91.6–101.0%) ≥0.2ug/ml for VT |
| Dotres [21] | 2014 | RCT | 4–5 years | Cuba | - | 5 | Safety and immunogenicity: PCV7 | Children prior to vaccination | 97.1% (95% CI 89.7–104.4%) (1 dose) ≥0.35ug/ml for VT 51.4% (95% CI 16.5–86.4%) (0 doses) ≥0.35ug/ml for VT |
| Hammitt [22] | 2014 | Double-blind RCT | 1–5 years | Kenya | - | 600 | Catch-up with PCV 10 | Unvaccinated children | 91.0% (95% CI 88.8–93.2%) (1+ doses)≥0.35ug/ml for VT 97.2% (95% CI 95.8–98.7%) (2 doses) ≥0.35ug/ml for VT 30.2% (95% CI 24.1–36.3%) (0 doses) ≥0.35ug/ml for VT |
| Lagos [32] | 2011 | RCT | 1–2 years | Chile | - | 76 | Catch-up with PCV 10 | Children prior to vaccination | 97.2% (95% CI 94.0–101.4%) (2 doses) ≥0.2ug/ml for VT 2.8% (95% CI 1.7–3.9%) (0 doses) ≥0.2ug/ml for VT |
| Lalwani [26] | 2014 | Randomized open label study | 1–2 years | India | - | 81 | 2 doses catch up with PCV 10 | Children prior to vaccination | 95.1% (95% CI 89.4–100.7%) (2 doses) > .2ug/ml for VT 11.0% (95% CI 3.9–18.2%) (0 doses) > .2ug/ml for VT |
| Odusanya [27] | 2014 | Open label controlled trial | 1–2 years | Nigeria | - | 35 | 2 doses catch-up with PCV 10 | Children prior to vaccination | 96.8% (95% CI 90–103.6%) (2 doses) > .2ug/ml for VT 14.0% (95% CI 2.2%-25.8%) (0 doses) > .2ug/ml for VT |
| Ota Ɨ [18] | 2012 | RCT | 2–4 years | The Gambia | - | 44 | Catch-up vaccination with PCV 7 | Unvaccinated children | 20.4% (95% CI 9.0–31.9%) (1 dose) ≥5.0ug/ml for VT |
| Thanee [29] | 2011 | Cohort | 2–9 years | Thailand | + | 89 | HIV+ children receiving vaccine with PCV 7 | Vaccinated HIV- children | 94.8% (95% CI 88.5–101.0%) HIV- ≥0.35ug/ml for VT 94.2% (95% CI 88.9–99.5%) HIV+ ≥0.35ug/ml for VT 85.7% (95% CI 77.6–93.9%) HIV- ≥4 fold increase for VT 80.7% (95% CI 67.3–94.0%) HIV+ ≥4 fold increase for VT |
| Outcome: VT Carriage | |||||||||
| Roca Ɨ [20] | 2011 | RCT | 2–5 years | The Gambia | - | 219 | Catch-up with PCV 7 | Unvaccinated children | OR of VT carriage 0.213, SE 3.69 |
| Roca Ɨ [19] | 2012 | RCT | 2–4 years | The Gambia | - | Catch-up with PCV 7 | Unvaccinated children | VT mean density of carriage by 28.1% (2.87 vs 2.48), control population 13.5% decline (2.70 vs 1.94) | |
| Roca Ɨ [17] | 2013 | RCT | 2–4 years | The Gambia | - | 783 | Catch-up with PCV 7 | Unvaccinated children | Carriage prevalence 13.6% (12/88) partially vaccinated; 8.9% (10/112) wholly vaccinated. OR = 0.69 (0.20, 2.32) |
| Andrade [30] | 2014 | Case-control study | 1–2 years | Brazil | - | 311 | Catch-up with PCV 10 | Unvaccinated children | Risk ratio 0.88 (95% CI 0.556–1.120) of pneumococcal vaccine-type carriage, |
| Hammitt [24] | 2014 | Before and after study | 1–4 years | Kenya | - | 107 | 2 doses catch up with PCV 10 | Children receiving 0 or 1 doses of PCV | Prevalence ratio 0.47 (95% CI 0.21–1.03) for vaccine serotype pneumococci |
| Makenga [25] | 2014 | Crossover | 1–5 years | Tanzania | + | 73 | Catch-up vaccination with PCV 13 | Unvaccinated children | Overall pneumococcal isolation rate at baseline was 71% (n = 73) and 73% (n = 68) after two doses |
*Age at vaccination
Ɨ Data obtained from same study site