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. 2015 Sep 2;10(9):e0134467. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134467

Table 3. Participant-reported outcome questions and results.

Crossword Puzzles Cognitive Training Between-Group Difference in Change Means
During the past month, how often have you… Baseline Mean (sd) Change Mean (sd) BaselineMean (sd) Change Mean (sd) Ncontrol, Ntreatment p Value Cohen’s d Effect Size (95% Confidence Interval)
1 … lost track of details as you were reading and needed to go back and re-read sections? 2.89 (1.16) 0.48 (1.12) 2.92 (1.14) 0.64 (1.15) 1,984, 2,586 p < 10−8 0.180 (0.122, 0.239)
2 … misplaced items (e.g., reading glasses, keys) around the house? 3.19 (1.16) 0.47 (1.01) 3.27 (1.14) 0.52 (1.05) 2,009, 2,617 p = 0.0004 0.105 (0.047, 0.163)
3 … found yourself losing concentration during a conversation? 3.10 (1.21) 0.46 (1.14) 3.14 (1.22) 0.62 (1.16) 1,976, 2,592 p < 10−9 0.186 (0.128, 0.245)
4 … remembered someone's name who had just been introduced to you? 3.01 (1.20) 0.04 (1.41) 2.97 (1.21) 0.13 (1.46) 1,727, 2,179 p = 0.07 0.058 (-0.005, 0.121)
Rate your experience over the LAST WEEK…
5 I felt creative. 3.48 (1.07) 0.15 (1.08) 3.54 (1.04) 0.20 (1.05) 2,004, 2,589 p = 0.001 0.096 (0.038, 0.155)
6 My ability to concentrate was good. 3.30 (0.99) 0.41 (1.07) 3.34 (0.99) 0.58 (1.09) 2,015, 2,616 p < 10−14 0.232 (0.174, 0.289)
7 I felt anxious. 2.59 (1.17) 0.34 (1.28) 2.61 (1.16) 0.49 (1.27) 1,990, 2,574 p < 10−6 0.154 (0.096, 0.213)
8 I was in a bad mood. 2.90 (1.16) 0.28 (1.22) 2.94 (1.13) 0.38 (1.20) 1,989, 2,565 p < 10−4 0.119 (0.060, 0.177)
9 I felt sad for no obvious reason. 3.37 (1.21) 0.27 (1.25) 3.33 (1.21) 0.40 (1.24) 1,964, 2,537 p = 0.001 0.096 (0.038, 0.155)
Overall Average 3.10 (0.60) 0.33 (0.57) 3.12 (0.59) 0.44 (0.60) 2,038, 2,654 p < 10−15 0.249 (0.191, 0.306)

Means for questions 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and 9 were reversed coded, such that higher scores should be interpreted as more positive responses for all questions. Means and standard deviations of baseline and change scores are the unadjusted summary statistics. Significance levels and effect sizes are based on ANCOVA models controlling for pre-test means. Degrees of freedom are based on participants giving non-“NA” answers at both time points.

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