Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and cumulative incidence of diabetes over the 12-year follow-up period: The Health and Retirement Study
| Overall (N, %) |
Did not develop diabetes (N, %) |
Developed diabetes (N, %) |
χ2 p-value |
Time to Diabetes or Censorship (Mean, SD) |
F test p-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample (N) | 8810 | 7178 (81.5) | 1632 (18.5) | -- | 9.8 (3.4) | -- |
| CES-D | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| 0 | 3506 (42.6) | 2978 (44.4) | 528 (34.6) | 10.1 (3.2) | ||
| 1–3 | 3497 (42.5) | 2790 (41.6) | 707 (46.4) | 9.7 (3.5) | ||
| 4+ | 1225 (14.9) | 936 (14.0) | 289 (19.0) | 9.3 (3.7) | ||
| Psychiatric Medication Use | 0.0034 | 0.0241 | ||||
| No | 8109 (93.3) | 6635 (93.7) | 1474 (91.7) | 9.8 (3.4) | ||
| Yes | 581 (6.7) | 447 (6.3) | 134 (8.3) | 9.4 (3.6) | ||
| Age | 0.3438 | <.0001 | ||||
| <55 | 2722 (30.9) | 2230 (31.1) | 492 (30.1) | 9.7 (3.5) | ||
| 55–59 | 3139 (35.6) | 2532 (35.3) | 607 (37.2) | 9.6 (3.6) | ||
| 60–64 | 2949 (33.5) | 2416 (33.7) | 533 (32.7) | 10.0 (3.3) | ||
| Race | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| White | 6689 (75.9) | 5600 (78.0) | 1089 (66.7) | 9.3 (3.7) | ||
| Black | 1198 (13.6) | 895 (12.5) | 303 (18.6) | 9.3 (3.7) | ||
| Hispanic | 732 (8.3) | 539 (7.5) | 193 (11.8) | 9.4 (3.5) | ||
| Other | 191 (2.2) | 144 (2.0) | 47 (2.9) | 9.9 (3.4) | ||
| Gender | 0.0210 | <.0001 | ||||
| Male | 3572 (40.5) | 2869 (40.0) | 703 (43.1) | 10.0 (3.3) | ||
| Female | 5238 (59.5) | 4309 (60.0) | 929 (56.9) | 9.5 (3.6) | ||
| Education | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| HS or less | 5018 (57.0) | 3969 (55.4) | 1049 (64.3) | 9.5 (3.5) | ||
| At least some college | 3780 (43.0) | 3198 (44.6) | 582 (35.7) | 10.0 (3.3) | ||
| Net Worth | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| <$30000 | 1775 (20.1) | 1363 (19.0) | 412 (25.2) | 9.9 (3.4) | ||
| $30001–99999 | 1967 (22.3) | 1512 (21.1) | 455 (27.9) | 10.0 (3.3) | ||
| $100000–199999 | 1592 (18.1) | 1303 (18.2) | 289 (17.7) | 9.5 (3.6) | ||
| $200000–399999 | 1638 (18.6) | 1382 (19.3) | 256 (15.7) | 10.3 (3.1) | ||
| $400000+ | 1838 (20.9) | 1618 (22.5) | 220 (13.5) | 9.2 (3.7) | ||
| BMI | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| <30 | 6436 (74.1) | 5585 (78.8) | 851 (53.2) | 10.0 (3.3) | ||
| 30+ | 2251 (25.9) | 1502 (21.2) | 749 (46.8) | 9.0 (3.8) | ||
| High Blood Pressure | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| No | 5562 (64.0) | 4772 (67.3) | 790 (49.3) | 10.1 (3.2) | ||
| Yes | 3130 (36.0) | 2316 (32.7) | 814 (50.7) | 9.2 (3.7) | ||
| Vigorous Activity | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| No | 4374 (49.7) | 3449 (48.1) | 925 (56.7) | 9.5 (3.6) | ||
| Yes | 4432 (50.3) | 3726 (51.9) | 706 (43.3) | 10.0 (3.3) | ||
| Smoking Status | 0.8788 | <.0001 | ||||
| Never | 3444 (39.4) | 2799 (39.3) | 645 (39.8) | 9.4 (3.5) | ||
| Former | 3260 (37.3) | 2665 (37.4) | 595 (36.7) | 9.8 (3.5) | ||
| Current | 2046 (23.4) | 1666 (23.4) | 380 (23.5) | 10.0 (3.3) | ||
| Heavy Drinker | <.0001 | 0.4741 | ||||
| No | 8194 (93.4) | 6634 (92.8) | 1560 (95.7) | 9.8 (3.4) | ||
| Yes | 583 (6.6) | 513 (7.2) | 70 (4.3) | 9.9 (3.4) | ||