Table 1.
Characteristics of total sample and differences by weight status
| Variables | Total n = 273 | BMI < 85th percentile n = 157 | BMI ≥85th percentile n = 116 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth order, n (%) | 0.02 | |||
| Only child | 39 (14.3) | 16 (10.2) | 23 (19.8) | |
| Youngest sibling | 100 (36.6) | 53 (33.8) | 47 (40.5) | |
| Middle sibling | 66 (24.2) | 41 (26.1) | 25 (21.6) | |
| Oldest sibling | 68 (24.9) | 47 (29.9) | 21 (18.1) | |
| Index child has ≥1 younger sibling, n (%) | 0.01 | |||
| Yes | 134 (49.1) | 88 (56.1) | 46 (39.7) | |
| No | 139 (50.9) | 69 (43.9) | 70 (60.3) | |
| Index child has ≥1 older sibling, n (%) | 0.80 | |||
| Yes | 166 (60.8) | 94 (59.9) | 72 (62.1) | |
| No | 107 (39.2) | 63 (40.1) | 44 (37.9) | |
| Index child has ≥1 brother, n (%) | 0.01 | |||
| Yes | 112 (41.0) | 104 (66.2) | 57 (49.1) | |
| No | 161 (59.0) | 53 (33.8) | 59 (50.9) | |
| Index child has ≥1 sister, n (%) | 0.68 | |||
| Yes | 142 (52.0) | 80 (51.0) | 62 (53.4) | |
| No | 131 (48.0) | 77 (49.0) | 54 (46.6) | |
| Child sex, n (%) | 0.05 | |||
| Male | 139 (50.9) | 88 (56.1) | 51 (44.0) | |
| Female | 134 (49.1) | 69 (43.9) | 65 (56.0) | |
| Child race/ethnicity, n (%) | 0.13 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 147 (53.8) | 91 (58.0) | 56 (48.3) | |
| Hispanic or not white | 126 (46.2) | 66 (42.0) | 60 (51.7) | |
| Maternal age, M (SD) | 30.4 (5.80) | 30.6 (6.2) | 30.02 (5.2) | 0.43 |
| Maternal education, n (%) | 0.28 | |||
| ≤High school education | 129 (47.3) | 78 (49.7) | 51 (44.0) | |
| >High school education | 144 (52.7) | 79 (50.3) | 65 (56.0) | |
| Maternal relationship status, n (%) | 1.00 | |||
| Single | 123 (45.1) | 71 (45.2) | 52 (44.8) | |
| Not single | 150 (54.9) | 86 (54.8) | 64 (55.2) | |
| Household food insecurity, n (%) | 0.35 | |||
| Food secure | 84 (30.8) | 52 (33.1) | 32 (27.6) | |
| Food insecure | 189 (69.2) | 105 (66.9) | 84 (72.4) | |
| Maternal depression symptoms, n (%) | 1.00 | |||
| CES-D ≥16 | 85 (31.1) | 49 (31.2) | 36 (31.0) | |
| CES-D < 16 | 188 (68.9) | 108 (68.8) | 80 (69.0) | |
| Maternal BMI, M (SD) | 33.0 (9.45) | 30.6 (8.28) | 36.3 (9.96) | 0.00 |
| Birth weight z-score, M (SD) | −0.27 (1.02) | −0.43 (0.91) | −0.04 (1.12) | 0.00 |
Table showing means (M) and standard deviations (SD) or counts (n) and percentages (%). Significant differences between weight status groups tested by t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. BMI, body mass index; CES-D, The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale.