Table 2. International study findings on teachers’ health.

Countr	Investigated variable(s). sample size n	Findings	Authors
Belgium	Stress (PAW); physical and psychological health (SF-36); sick leave (days); n = 1066	Poorer physical and psychological health in teachers than general population (especially among female teachers) Mental health associated with job satisfaction Female teachers report more work-related stress and more days’ absence than male co-workers	Bogaert et al. 2014 (e11)
Italy	Symptoms of depression (CES-D); symptoms of anxiety (SAS); n = 113	49% lie above cut-off value for depression. 11% above cut-off value for an anxiety disorder Symptoms of depression and anxiety associated with perception of excessive demands at work	Borelli et al. 2014 (e12)
Korea	Burnout (MBI-ES); n = 499	Mean frequency of burnout symptoms multiple times per month → increased risk of burnout	Shin et al. 2013 (e17)
China (Hong Kong). UK	Stress (PSS); physical and psychological health (SF-36); effort–reward imbalance (ERI-Q); n = 259	More feelings of stress and poorer physical and psychological health in teachers than general population Mean ERI value >1 → risk to health British teachers report less stress and better physical health than Chinese teachers	Tang et al. 2013 (e19)
Portugal	Burnout (MBI-GS); n = 281	No abnormal scores for emotional exhaustion. cynicism. or reduced performance	Ferreira & Martinez 2012 (e13)
Spain	Burnout (MBI-GS); n = 727	High scores for emotional exhaustion and cynicism. average performance Associated with reduced engagement with work	Rey et al. 2012 (e16)
Austria	Symptom checklist (SCL-90); physical and psychological health (SF-36); n = 2498	18.5% of teachers regularly feel exhausted 18% at risk of or suffering from burnout 10.8% of male teachers and 21.2% of female teachers are tired/exhausted (multiple times per week or daily)	Griebler 2011 (e22)
Namibia	Burnout (MBI-ES); n = 337	High emotional exhaustion: 30%; high cynicism: 12%; reduced performance: 37% Higher burnout scores in higher posts (e.g. class teacher)	Louw et al. 2011 (e14)
USA	Burnout (MBI-ES); symptoms of depression (CES-D); n = 267	No abnormal scores for emotional exhaustion. cynicism. or reduced performance No abnormal scores for symptoms of depression	Steinhardt et al. 2011 (e18)
Romania	Burnout (MBI-GS); n = 177	High emotional exhaustion: 10%; high cynicism: 2%; reduced performance: 46% Associated with reduced confidence in own abilities and increased _feelings of stress	Vladut & Kállay 2011 (e21)
Spain	Burnout (MBI-ES); n = 1386	Mean frequency of burnout symptoms multiple times per month → increased risk of burnout Associated with work-related feelings of stress and job dissatisfaction	Otero López et al. 2010 (e15)
EUROTEACH study	Burnout (MBI-GS); somatic complaints (SCL-90-R); n = 2796	High emotional exhaustion; normal cynicism scores; high scores for reduced performance Somatic complaints (symptom checklist) on average “quite” (between categories “a bit” and “strongly”)	Verhoeven et al. 2003 (e20)

n: no. of study participants; CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Radloff 1977 [e35]); ERI-Q: Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (Siegrist et al. 2004 [e39]);

MBI-ES: Maslach Burn-out Inventory—Educator Survey (Ruy et al. 2003 [e37]); MBI-GS: Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey (Schaufeli et al. 1996 [e31]); PAW: Psychosocial Aspects at Work Questionnaire (Symonds et al. 1996 [e33]); PSS: Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al. 1983 [e38]); SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (Zung 1971 [e36]); SCL-90-R: Symptom Checklist (Derogatis 1977 [e40]); SF-36: Short-Form Health Survey (Ware et al. 1993 [e34])