Table 2. Parental and offspring cognitive functions in adulthood by famine exposure status.
| Parents |
Offspringb |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Exposure | Neither | Maternal | Paternal | Bilineal | |
| AH4 Score | 28.3 (9.5) | 27.9 (9.1) | 40.1 (10.8) | 39.8 (10.5) | 40.3 (10.5) | 40.0 (10.5) |
| Auditory verbal learning test | ||||||
| AVLT-I | 25.7 (3.8) | 25.1 (3.7) | 29.7 (3.3) | 29.6 (3.6) | 29.6 (3.7) | 29.6 (3.4) |
| AVLT-II | 6.3 (0.7) | 6.2 (0.8) | 8.2 (0.9) | 8.2 (1.0) | 8.2 (1.0) | 8.2 (0.9) |
| Verbal fluency test | 18.1 (3.9) | 18.0 (4.2) | 20.2 (3.7) | 20.2 (3.4) | 20.1 (3.7) | 20.2 (3.6) |
| Complex figure test | ||||||
| CFT-I | 35.0 (11.5) | 34.9 (11.3) | 32.6 (2.0) | 32.5 (2.4) | 32.7 (2.9) | 32.5 (2.9) |
| CFT-II | 32.9 (10.8) | 32.9 (10.7) | 31.1 (1.9) | 31.1 (2.3) | 31.2 (2.8) | 31.0 (2.7) |
| Trail making test | ||||||
| TMT-A (s) | 47.2 (20.6) | 55.9 (20.1)a | 44.6 (12.4) | 43.4 (14.1) | 42.9 (14.9) | 44.4 (12.6) |
| TMT-B (s) | 126.0 (55.5) | 133.7 (54.2)a | 88.3 (25.9) | 90.5 (29.4) | 89.3 (31.0) | 92.6 (26.3) |
| Stroop color-word test | ||||||
| Response time (s) | 3.5 (1.1) | 3.5 (1.0) | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.7) | 3.1 (0.8) |
| Score (%) | 40.2 (17.9) | 34.1 (12.6)a | 53.9 (4.0) | 51.5 (4.7) | 50.9 (6.8) | 51.2 (5.8) |
Data are given as means (SD).
aStatistically significantly different from parents control based on generalized linear regression models adjusting for parental potential confounders (sex, age, smoking, drinking, education, and economic status), FDR corrected-P values were 9.8 × 10−11 for TMT-A, 0.023 for TMT-B, and 7.4 × 10−10 for SCWT score.
bThe mixed linear model to assess the associations between parental prenatal exposure to famine and cognitive functioning in adult offspring, with the family number as a random effect and parental famine exposure (neither = 0, maternal = 1, paternal = 2, and bilineal = 3) as the fixed effect. Offspring characteristics in adulthood (sex, age, smoking, drinking, education, and economic status) and at birth (birthweight, preterm, and maternal smoking, drinking, education, and economic status during gestation) were adjusted in the model. The P value of the fixed factor was corrected by FDR. No significant association was found.