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. 2014 Aug 15;16(4):4225. doi: 10.1186/s13075-014-0411-6

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The levels of lipoic acid, lipoic acid synthetase and oxidative stress in normal and scleroderma fibroblasts and plasma. (A) Immunostaining of lipoic acid (LA) in normal (NL) and scleroderma (SSc) dermal fibroblasts (n = 3 subjects). IgG, Immunoglobulin G. (B) The expression of lipoic acid synthetase (LIAS) in dermal fibroblasts was examined by Western blotting (n = 6 healthy and 5 SSc subjects). (C) Plasma LIAS levels in healthy subjects and SSc patients. ILD, Interstitial lung disease; PAH, Pulmonary arterial hypertension. (D) LIAS levels in culture media from monocytes isolated from healthy subjects and SSc patients. (E) Cellular superoxide levels were detected with dihydroethidium. These representative images are from five healthy and five SSc subjects. (F) The effect of dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on peroxynitrite levels was measured (n = 4 subjects, P < 0.05). Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. P < 0.05 was considered significant.