Table 4.
Mean drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis direct patient costs and productivity losses according to country income groupa
| Income group | Clinic visits and clinical tests user fees | Drugs | Transport | Otherb | Total direct costsc | SDd | Productivity losses | SDe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DS-TB | ||||||||
| HIC (n = 6) | 107 (1) | NI | 260 (1) | 379 (1) | 373 (2) | 106 | 2801 (6) | 2018 |
| UMIC (n = 19) | 221 (9) | 62 (4) | 120 (13) | 491 (12) | 603 (18) | 868 | 600 (12) | 847 |
| LMIC (n = 17) | 55 (9) | 21 (7) | 9 (4) | 47 (10) | 84 (17) | 90 | 238 (11) | 320 |
| LIC (n = 19) | 49 (13) | 38 (5) | 45 (10) | 96 (16) | 155 (19) | 164 | 248 (14) | 266 |
| All income groups (papers = 53f, g, h) | 101 (32) | 36 (16) | 82 (28) | 212 (39) | 432 (36) | 544 | 700 (43) | 1229 |
| Proportion, % | 23.3 | 8.5 | 19.1 | 49.1 | 100.0 | |||
| MDR-TB | ||||||||
| HIC (n = 5) | CNI | CNI | 21 (1) | CNI | 21 (1) | NA | 49,204 (5) | 51,216 |
| UMIC (n = 2) | 12 (2) | NI | 178 (2) | 470 (2) | 660 (2) | 394 | 3532 (2) | 4578 |
| LMIC (n = 1) | 909 (1) | NI | NI | 707 (1) | 1616 (1) | NA | CNI | NA |
| LIC (n = 1) | 103 (1) | NI | 18 (1) | 285 (1) | 406 (1) | NA | 1256 (1) | NA |
| All income groups (papers = 9) | 259 (4) | NI | 99 (4) | 483 (4) | 672 (5) | 621 | 28,260 (8) | 45,605 |
| Proportion, % | 30.8 | 0.0 | 11.7 | 57.4 | 99.9 | |||
Data are presented as US$, year 2014 values (number) unless otherwise indicated
CNI cost not included, DS drug susceptible, HIC high-income country, LIC low-income country, LMIC lower-middle income country, MDR multidrug-resistant, NA not applicable, NI cost not itemised, SD standard deviation, TB tuberculosis, UMIC upper-middle income country
aThese are shown for each paper in the Electronic Supplementary Material (Online Resources 4–7)
bOther patient costs typically include direct medical costs (non-TB drugs, hospitalisation) and direct non-medical costs (food, drink, vitamins, traditional medicine, and accommodation), or in some papers, where costs were not disaggregated, the total costs during pre-diagnosis, diagnosis, intensive treatment and continuation treatment phases
cTotal ≠ sum of categories because some papers did not itemise costs and only reported total costs
dMauch et al. [68] (2013) presented one UMIC study (Dominican Republic) and two LMIC studies (Ghana and Vietnam) in one paper
eVassall et al. [46] (2002) presented two LMIC studies (Egypt and Syria) in one paper
fGospodarevskya et al. [75] (2014) presented two LIC studies (Bangladesh and Tanzania) in one paper
gSD for total mean patient costs
hSD for mean productivity losses