Table 3.
Maximum likelihood logit estimates of the odds of a provider providing safe abortion services, by whether they were part of the R3M programme or not, and other characteristics, Ghana 2011–2012
| Explanatory variable | Safe abortion |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample 1: all providers surveyed (N = 412) |
Sample 2: R3M providers and non-R3M providers in Accra, Ashanti, Eastern (N = 303) |
|||||||||||
| PSW (ATT) logit |
PSW (ATE) logit |
PSW (ATT) logit |
PSW (ATE) logit |
|||||||||
| β estimate | Odds ratio | Robust std. error | β estimate | Odds ratio | Robust std. error | β estimate | Odds ratio | Robust std. error | β estimate | Odds ratio | Robust std. error | |
| Intercept | −4.705*** | 0.921 | −4.680*** | 0.891 | −4.434*** | 0.925 | −4.467*** | 0.900 | ||||
| Treatment | ||||||||||||
| R3M (‘No' omitted) | 1.397*** | 4.044 | 0.400 | 1.304** | 3.685 | 0.377 | 0.924* | 2.519 | 0.405 | 0.942* | 2.566 | 0.389 |
| Knowledge | ||||||||||||
| Knowledge of law (‘Answered fewer than six questions correctly' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| Answered six or more questions correctly | 1.072† | 2.920 | 0.558 | 1.300* | 3.670 | 0.560 | 1.313* | 3.718 | 0.596 | 1.412* | 4.104 | 0.602 |
| Values, attitudes and perception | ||||||||||||
| Attitude toward abortion provision (‘Less favourable' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| More favourable | 0.405 | 1.499 | 0.382 | 0.329 | 1.390 | 0.388 | 0.270 | 1.311 | 0.388 | 0.210 | 1.233 | 0.387 |
| Confidence in own ability to provide abortion (‘Low confidence' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| Have confidence | 2.046*** | 7.735 | 0.470 | 1.993*** | 7.340 | 0.449 | 2.025*** | 7.578 | 0.487 | 2.058*** | 7.830 | 0.456 |
| Facility support (‘Low support for abortion' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| Facility supports abortion provision | 0.795† | 2.214 | 0.471 | 0.875* | 2.398 | 0.444 | 0.887† | 2.427 | 0.479 | 0.935* | 2.546 | 0.453 |
| Religion (‘Other religion/sects' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| Catholic | −0.681† | 0.506 | 0.387 | −0.681† | 0.506 | 0.372 | −0.838* | 0.433 | 0.421 | −0.831* | 0.436 | 0.420 |
| Facility in which they work | ||||||||||||
| Number of beds in facility they practice (‘0–8 beds' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| 9–50 beds | −0.104 | 0.902 | 0.363 | −0.292 | 0.747 | 0.381 | −0.124 | 0.884 | 0.379 | −0.157 | 0.854 | 0.371 |
| 51+ beds | −0.303 | 0.739 | 0.439 | −0.328 | 0.720 | 0.445 | −0.088 | 0.916 | 0.447 | −0.084 | 0.919 | 0.452 |
| Provider characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Provider type (‘Doctors' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| Non-doctors | −0.425 | 0.654 | 0.386 | −0.485 | 0.615 | 0.369 | −0.704 | 0.495 | 0.429 | −0.708† | 0.493 | 0.425 |
| Age (‘Below 40' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| 40 and above | 0.740 | 2.096 | 0.458 | 0.715 | 2.045 | 0.441 | 0.963* | 2.619 | 0.461 | 0.870† | 2.388 | 0.454 |
| Likelihood ratio chi-square | 69.910*** | 68.620*** | 62.130*** | 64.020*** | ||||||||
| N | 412 | 412 | 303 | 303 | ||||||||
| Explanatory variable | Safe abortion |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample 3: R3M providers and non-R3M providers in Brong Ahafo (N = 297) |
Sample 4: All providers that reported training in at least one method of abortion (N = 280) |
|||||||||||
| PSW (ATT) logit |
PSW (ATE) logit |
PSW (ATT) logit |
PSW (ATE) logit |
|||||||||
| β estimate | Odds ratio | Robust std. error | β estimate | Odds ratio | Robust std. error | β estimate | Odds ratio | Robust std. error | β estimate | Odds ratio | Robust std. error | |
| Intercept | −5.528*** | 1.252 | −5.409*** | 1.184 | −3.851*** | 0.955 | −3.819*** | 0.920 | ||||
| Treatment | ||||||||||||
| R3M (‘No' omitted) | 2.751*** | 15.660 | 0.696 | 2.534*** | 12.606 | 0.599 | 1.329** | 3.776 | 0.467 | 1.234** | 3.436 | 0.441 |
| Knowledge | ||||||||||||
| Knowledge of law (‘Answered fewer than six questions correctly' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| Answered six or more questions correctly | 0.735 | 2.086 | 0.674 | 0.976 | 2.653 | 0.655 | 1.010† | 2.745 | 0.556 | 1.252* | 3.498 | 0.570 |
| Values, attitudes and perception | ||||||||||||
| Attitude toward abortion provision (‘Less favourable' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| More favourable | 0.527 | 1.694 | 0.416 | 0.558 | 1.747 | 0.415 | 0.544 | 1.724 | 0.390 | 0.451 | 1.569 | 0.408 |
| Confidence in own ability to provide abortion (‘Low confidence' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| Have confidence | 1.885*** | 6.589 | 0.513 | 1.812*** | 6.120 | 0.515 | 1.365* | 3.915 | 0.577 | 1.294* | 3.646 | 0.549 |
| Facility support (‘Low support for abortion' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| Facility supports abortion provision | 0.461 | 1.586 | 0.566 | 0.554 | 1.740 | 0.548 | 0.647 | 1.909 | 0.540 | 0.695 | 2.004 | 0.535 |
| Religion (‘Other religion/sects' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| Catholic | −0.317 | 0.728 | 0.464 | −0.333 | 0.717 | 0.442 | −0.846* | 0.429 | 0.395 | −0.796* | 0.451 | 0.384 |
| Facility in which they work | ||||||||||||
| Number of beds in facility they practice (‘0–8 beds' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| 9–50 beds | −0.316 | 0.729 | 0.459 | −0.522 | 0.594 | 0.491 | −0.253 | 0.777 | 0.426 | −0.452 | 0.636 | 0.455 |
| 51+ beds | −0.461 | 0.631 | 0.515 | −0.581 | 0.559 | 0.523 | −0.514 | 0.598 | 0.489 | −0.517 | 0.596 | 0.505 |
| Provider characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Provider type (‘Doctors' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| Non-doctors | −0.285 | 0.752 | 0.404 | −0.426 | 0.653 | 0.385 | −0.137 | 0.872 | 0.406 | −0.209 | 0.812 | 0.377 |
| Age (‘Below 40' omitted) | ||||||||||||
| 40 and above | 0.804 | 2.235 | 0.617 | 0.855 | 2.351 | 0.577 | 0.920† | 2.508 | 0.482 | 0.918† | 2.505 | 0.470 |
| Likelihood ratio chi-square | 61.650*** | 58.660*** | 41.140*** | 42.870*** | ||||||||
| N | 297 | 297 | 280 | 280 | ||||||||
Notes: Components may not sum to totals due to rounding. Missing values were dropped using listwise deletion. All estimates for this sample are from information that was current at the time of the survey. Total N = 457. Observations with missing values on the dependent variable were dropped as were those cases that had a missing or a negative propensity score.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, †P < 0.1.