Table 3.
Associations of Proximity to Food Establishments with BMI z-Score in 2011–2012a
| Estimates of BMI z-score at most recent well-child visit, by multivariable model (effect estimate, 95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Exposures | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| Networked distance to large supermarket, miles | |||
| ≤0.5 | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | −0.07 (−0.10, −0.03) | −0.09 (−0.13, −0.05) |
| >0.5–1.0 | 0.05 (0.03, 0.08) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.01) |
| >1–2 | 0.06 (0.04, 0.09) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) |
| >2 | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Networked distance to small supermarket, miles | |||
| ≤0.5 | 0.08 (0.05, 0.10) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | −0.08 (−0.11, −0.04) |
| >0.5–1.0 | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | −0.06 (−0.10, −0.03) |
| >1–2 | 0.02 (0.00, 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) |
| >2 | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Networked distance to fast food restaurants, miles | |||
| ≤0.5 | 0.18 (0.14, 0.21) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) | 0.09 (0.03, 0.15) |
| >0.5–1.0 | 0.13 (0.09, 0.16) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.12) |
| >1–2 | 0.08 (0.05, 0.12) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.11) |
| >2 | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Networked distance to full-service restaurants | |||
| ≤0.5 | 0.18 (0.14, 0.21) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.14) |
| >0.5–1.0 | 0.13 (0.09, 0.17) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) | 0.06 (0.00, 0.12) |
| >1–2 | 0.08 (0.04, 0.12) | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) |
| >2 | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Networked distance to convenience stores, miles | |||
| ≤0.5 | 0.15 (0.12, 0.18) | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.08) |
| >0.5–1.0 | 0.11 (0.07, 0.14) | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.08) |
| >1–2 | 0.07 (0.03, 0.10) | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.08) |
| >2 | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Networked distance to bakeries, coffee shops, candy stores, miles | |||
| ≤0.5 | 0.12 (0.09, 0.16) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.10, 0.02) |
| >0.5–1.0 | 0.10 (0.07, 0.14) | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.03) |
| >1–2 | 0.06 (0.02, 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0.00 (−0.05, 0.04) |
| >2 | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, and race/ ethnicity. Model 2: model 1 plus neighborhood median household income. Model 3: model 2 plus five other food establishments (continuous networked distance).
a
N=49,770.
CI, confidence interval.