TABLE 4.
Usual sodium intakes among US infants (7–11 mo) and preschool-aged children (1–3 y) by age and current breastfeeding status: NHANES 2003–20101
| Category | Sample size2 | Usual sodium intake
|
Dietary Reference Intake3
|
Adequate/excessive usual sodium intake
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean sodium intake | 25th percentile | 50th percentile | 75th percentile | AI | UL | >AI | >UL | ||
|
| |||||||||
| n | mg/d | mg/d | % | ||||||
| Currently breastfed | |||||||||
| Total intake | |||||||||
| Age 7–11 mo | 147 | 382.6 ± 53.14 | 254 ± 38.8 | 341 ± 29.8 | 463 ± 69.1 | 370 | N/A | 42.73 ± 7.41 | N/A |
| Age 1–3 y | 83 | 1153.5 ± 87.7 | 861 ± 85.5 | 1109 ± 102.0 | 1399 ± 109.0 | 1000 | 1500 | 61.10 ± 9.82 | 18.71 ± 6.11 |
| Intake from complementary food5 | |||||||||
| Age 7–11 mo | 147 | 267.0 ± 36.1 | 121 ± 21.3 | 214 ± 31.0 | 355 ± 52.4 | 370 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Age 1–3 y | 82 | 1028.0 ± 89.6 | 746 ± 85.2 | 981 ± 99.8 | 1260 ± 119.0 | 1000 | 1500 | N/A | N/A |
| Not currently breastfed | |||||||||
| Total intake | |||||||||
| Age 7–11 mo | 552 | 538.0 ± 22.16 | 370 ± 14.0 | 484 ± 20.5 | 650 ± 33.2 | 370 | N/A | 74.94 ± 3.09 | N/A |
| Age 1–3 y | 2799 | 1985.1 ± 23.96 | 1546 ± 22.3 | 1912 ± 23.3 | 2347 ± 27.4 | 1000 | 1500 | 97.56 ± 0.33 | 77.88 ± 1.37 |
| Intake from complementary food5 | |||||||||
| Age 7–11 mo | 547 | 337.1 ± 26.9 | 136 ± 10.2 | 252 ± 19.5 | 440 ± 35.9 | 370 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Age 1–3 y | 2795 | 1788.0 ± 22.57 | 1383 ± 19.5 | 1725 ± 21.0 | 2121 ± 25.6 | 1000 | 1500 | N/A | N/A |
Means and 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of usual sodium intakes (mg/d) and proportions above the AI and UL were estimated from PC-SIDE (Department of Statistics, Iowa State University) with data from up to two 24-h dietary recalls adjusted for the day of the week of the recall, age (mo, continuous), sex, maternal age at birth (continuous), poverty-index ratio, and race-ethnicity. Individuals with missing data on the first-day 24-h dietary recall were excluded. Jackknife replicate weights based on first-day dietary weights were used to account for the complex sampling design in PC-SIDE to estimate SEs. Children aged 4–5 y were not included in this analysis because none were currently breastfed on either day of the 24-h dietary recall. AI, Adequate Intake; N/A, not applicable; UL, Tolerable Upper Intake Level.
Unweighted sample sizes.
An AI and a UL have been defined for sodium. An N/A in the UL column indicates that a UL was not defined for this age group.
Mean ± SE (all such values).
Intake from complementary food was defined as intake from beverages and food other than human milk, infant formula (USDA food code 11710000- 11820000), or milk (USDA food code 11000000-11340000) (20, 21, 24).
Significantly different from total sodium intake in breastfed children by the corresponding month and year, P < 0.05 (Z-test).
Significantly different from intake from food and beverages other than milk or infant formula in breastfed children by the corresponding month and year, P < 0.05 (Z-test).