TABLE 5.
Usual sodium density and energy intakes among US infants (7–11 mo) and preschool-aged children (1–3 y) by age and current breastfeeding status: NHANES 2003–20101
| Category | Sample size2 | Usual sodium density
|
Usual energy intake
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean sodium density | 25th percentile | 50th percentile | 75th percentile | Mean energy intake | 25th percentile | 50th percentile | 75th percentile | ||
|
| |||||||||
| n | mg/1000 kcal | kcal/d | |||||||
| Currently breastfed | |||||||||
| Total intake | |||||||||
| Age 7–11 mo | 147 | 463.5 ± 35.43 | 349 ± 23.3 | 431 ± 46.7 | 546 ± 59.1 | 769.7 ± 18.5 | 678 ± 14.7 | 753 ± 18.1 | 843 ± 24.4 |
| Age 1–3 y | 83 | 1255.7 ± 63.8 | 1060 ± 52.7 | 1224 ± 133.0 | 1423 ± 162.0 | 915.9 ± 52.4 | 758 ± 65.4 | 902 ± 59.0 | 1058 ± 76.3 |
| Intake from complementary food4 | |||||||||
| Age 7–11 mo | 147 | 838.9 ± 100.8 | 586 ± 60.9 | 786 ± 90.5 | 1033 ± 135.0 | 320.2 ± 18.3 | 215 ± 15.0 | 300 ± 18.3 | 401 ± 24.4 |
| Age 1–3 y | 82 | 1523.7 ± 70.2 | 1334 ± 61.0 | 1493 ± 68.7 | 1676 ± 94.0 | 681.0 ± 50.7 | 533 ± 36.5 | 655 ± 52.4 | 804 ± 77.1 |
| Not currently breastfed | |||||||||
| Total intake | |||||||||
| Age 7–11 mo | 552 | 577.5 ± 23.45 | 433 ± 24.9 | 540 ± 18.1 | 680 ± 28.6 | 919.2 ± 15.85 | 790 ± 14.0 | 897 ± 17.4 | 1026 ± 20.0 |
| Age 1–3 y | 2799 | 1417.9 ± 15.05 | 1204 ± 12.2 | 1370 ± 11.6 | 1572 ± 16.4 | 1414.5 ± 13.95 | 1172 ± 19.2 | 1380 ± 15.0 | 1620 ± 23.7 |
| Intake from complementary food | |||||||||
| Age 7–11 mo | 547 | 830.7 ± 46.2 | 467 ± 28.8 | 719 ± 45.8 | 1058 ± 57.6 | 378.7 ± 13.36 | 261 ± 10.6 | 351 ± 12.5 | 464 ± 16.9 |
| Age 1–3 y | 2795 | 1549.4 ± 13.6 | 1365 ± 13.1 | 1523 ± 15.3 | 1701 ± 15.9 | 1168.3 ± 12.36 | 935 ± 10.5 | 1135 ± 12.1 | 1366 ± 14.8 |
Sodium density was calculated by using sodium in milligrams divided by calories multiplied by 1000 (mg/1000 kcal). Means and 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of usual sodium density and energy intakes were estimated from PC-SIDE (Department of Statistics, Iowa State University) with data from up to two 24-h dietary recalls adjusted for the day of the week of the recall, age (mo, continuous), sex, maternal age at birth (continuous), poverty-index ratio, and race-ethnicity. Individuals with missing data or with incomplete first-day 24-h dietary recall were excluded. Jackknife replicate weights based on firstday dietary weights used to account for the complex sampling design were used in PC-SIDE to estimate SEs. Children aged 4–5 y were not included in this analysis because none were currently breastfed on either day of the 24-h dietary recall.
Unweighted sample sizes.
Mean 6 SE (all such values).
Intake from complementary food was defined as intake from beverages and food other than human milk, infant formula (USDA food code 11710000-11820000), or milk (USDA food code 11000000- 11340000) (20, 21, 24).
Significantly different from total sodium intake in currently breastfed children in the corresponding age group, P < 0.05 (Z-test).
Significantly different from intake from food and beverages other than milk or infant formula in currently breastfed children in the corresponding age group, P < 0.05 (Z-test).