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. 2015 Sep 4;13:55. doi: 10.1186/s12951-015-0114-4

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© Durán et al. 2015

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Schematic illustration and characteristics of a hard and a soft corona. The protein corona encompassing the nanoparticles. Hard coronas are characterized by slow exchange (i.e., several hours) and lower abundance, with a high affinity of proteins, whereas soft coronas are typified by rapid exchange (i.e., several minutes) and lower affinity of proteins with weakly bound outer layers on nanoparticles. There is a different response of cellular and biochemical factors by soft and hard corona formation. *Compared with serum-free condition. ^†Compared with soft corona (modified from ref. Lee et al. [41])