Table 3. Comparison of 16-item PAID scores across known demographic, clinical and social functioning groups.
| Variable 1 | N | Mean | Std. Dev. | Effect size | P 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical groups | |||||
| Glycemic control | |||||
| Hba1c = <7.0 | 50 | 3.1 | 4.3 | ||
| Hba1c 7–8 | 63 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 0.35 | 0.257 |
| Hba1c>8.0 | 90 | 8.7 | 5.7 | 1.07 | <0.001 |
| Complications | |||||
| No complications | 30 | 4.8 | 4.9 | ||
| Retinopathy | 25 | 7.3 | 5.1 | 0.49 | 0.043 |
| Cardiopathy | 25 | 7.9 | 6.2 | 0.56 | 0.052 |
| Nephropathy | 16 | 10.0 | 5.5 | 1.02 | 0.002 |
| Neuropathy | 14 | 8.9 | 5.7 | 0.80 | 0.013 |
| Cerebro-vascular problems | 12 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 0.57 | 0.146 |
| Anaemia | 12 | 5.3 | 4.8 | 0.10 | 0.701 |
| Social functioning groups | |||||
| Effectiveness at work | |||||
| No | 24 | 8.3 | 6.3 | ||
| Yes | 167 | 5.6 | 5.6 | -0.47 | 0.032 |
1 –Additional variables tested with non-significant differences in PAID scores–Socio-demographic groups (age, gender. Ethnicity, marital status, education, housing type, income); Clinical groups (diabetes duration); Social functioning groups (effectiveness outside work, family life satisfaction).
2 –oneway ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections when multiple comparisons were made.