Table 4. Standardized direct, indirect and total regression weights from the structural equation models (SEM) to evaluate factors affecting health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in different phenotypes of Parkinson’s disease patients [Values are presented as standardized regression weight (p-value).].
Main Associations | Exogenous variable | ➔ | Endogenous variable | Onset-Age | Progression | Dominant Symptom | |||
(Independent) | (Dependent) | ||||||||
≤50 yr | >50 yr | Slow | Rapid | Tremor | Non-Tremor | ||||
(n = 50) | (n = 106) | (n = 95) | (n = 40) | (n = 76) | (n = 75) | ||||
Motor Domain | Direct | HRQoL | 0.61 (<0.001) | 0.21 (0.049) | - | 0.57 (<0.001) | 0.29 (0.018) | 0.23 (0.053) | |
Indirect | HRQoL | 0.25 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.29 | 0.50 | 0.57 | ||
Total | HRQoL | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.60 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.80 | ||
Non-Motor Domain | ➔ | HRQoL | 0.43 (0.019) | 0.78 (<0.001) | 0.95 (0.005) | 0.53 (0.031) | 0.68 (<0.001) | 0.79 (<0.001) | |
Comorbidities | ➔ | HRQoL | - | 0.14 (0.007) | - | - | - | 0.13 (0.037) | |
Motor Domain | ➔ | Non-Motor Domain | 0.59 (0.032) | 0.77 (<0.001) | 0.63 (0.012) | 0.54 (0.049) | 0.73 (<0.001) | 0.73 (<0.001) | |
Indicators of latent variables | Motor Domain | ➔ | UPDRS-ADL | 0.92 (<0.001) | 0.93 (<0.001) | 0.85 (<0.001) | 0.92 (<0.001) | 0.90 (<0.001) | 0.98 (<0.001) |
➔ | UPDRS-Motor Signs | 0.80 (<0.001) | 0.67 (<0.001) | 0.41 (<0.001) | 0.62 (<0.001) | 0.78 (<0.001) | 0.65 (<0.001) | ||
➔ | Dyskinesia | 0.42 (0.012) | - | - | - | 0.33 (0.007) | - | ||
➔ | Fluctuations | 0.33 (0.043) | - | - | -0.54 (<0.001) | - | - | ||
➔ | Falls | 0.78 (<0.001) | 0.68 (<0.001) | 0.60 (<0.001) | 0.66 (<0.001) | 0.77 (<0.001) | 0.66 (<0.001) | ||
➔ | Freezing | 0.54 (-) | 0.69 (-) | 0.62 (-) | 0.76 (-) | 0.66 (-) | 0.61 (-) | ||
➔ | Hoehn & Yahr Stage | 0.75 (<0.001) | 0.58 (<0.001) | 0.53 (<0.001) | 0.46 (0.005) | 0.72 (<0.001) | 0.55 (<0.001) | ||
Non-Motor Domain | ➔ | Depression | 0.91 (0.004) | 0.78 (<0.001) | 0.76 (0.004) | 0.73 (0.018) | 0.87 (<0.001) | 0.78 (<0.001) | |
➔ | Anxiety | 0.59 (0.011) | 0.62 (<0.001) | 0.63 (0.006) | 0.49 (0.044) | 0.65 (<0.001) | 0.59 (<0.001) | ||
➔ | Cognition | 0.28 (0.014) | 0.35 (<0.001) | 0.23 (0.036) | 0.33 (0.036) | 0.25 (0.019) | 0.42 (<0.001) | ||
➔ | Hallucination | 0.41 (-) | 0.50 (-) | 0.31 (-) | 0.42 (-) | 0.45 (-) | 0.48 (-) | ||
➔ | Apathy | 0.55 (0.015) | 0.43 (<0.001) | 0.50 (0.010) | 0.50 (0.042) | 0.47 (0.002) | 0.45 (0.003) | ||
➔ | Fatigue | 0.51 (0.018) | 0.49 (<0.001) | 0.49 (0.010) | - | 0.49 (0.002) | 0.52 (0.001) | ||
➔ | Psychosocial Functioning | 0.75 (0.006) | 0.90 (<0.001) | 0.83 (0.004) | 0.75 (0.017) | 0.86 (<0.001) | 0.83 (<0.001) | ||
➔ | Sleep Disturbances | - | 0.33 (0.004) | 0.32 (0.031) | - | - | 0.37 (0.008) | ||
➔ | Nutritional Status | -0.63 (0.010) | -0.62 (<0.001) | -0.56 (0.008) | -0.58 (0.030) | -0.69 (<0.001) | -0.58 (<0.001) | ||
HRQoL | ➔ | Mobility | 0.90 (-) | 0.84 (-) | 0.71 (-) | 0.83 (-) | 0.89 (-) | 0.80 (-) | |
➔ | ADL | 0.83 (<0.001) | 0.75 (<0.001) | 0.55 (<0.001) | 0.76 (<0.001) | 0.78 (<0.001) | 0.80 (<0.001) | ||
➔ | Emotional Well-being | 0.48 (<0.001) | 0.65 (<0.001) | 0.67 (<0.001) | 0.50 (0.001) | 0.70 (<0.001) | 0.55 (<0.001) | ||
➔ | Stigma | - | 0.39 (<0.001) | 0.33 (0.003) | - | - | 0.49 (<0.001) | ||
➔ | Social Behaviors | 0.38 (0.007) | 0.59 (<0.001) | 0.46 (<0.001) | 0.60 (<0.001) | 0.61 (<0.001) | 0.51 (<0.001) | ||
➔ | Cognition | 0.43 (0.002) | 0.72 (<0.001) | 0.64 (<0.001) | 0.59 (<0.001) | 0.61 (<0.001) | 0.67 (<0.001) | ||
➔ | Communication | 0.69 (<0.001) | 0.68 (<0.001) | 0.54 (<0.001) | 0.67 (<0.001) | 0.79 (<0.001) | 0.60 (<0.001) | ||
➔ | Bodily Discomfort | 0.43 (0.002) | 0.61 (<0.001) | 0.60 (<0.001) | 0.61 (<0.001) | 0.65 (<0.001) | 0.48 (<0.001) |