Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics among children with CHD.

	Total		CAA (+)
Variables	n	(%)	n	(Rate, %)	p b
No. of CHD patients	39652		1591	(4.0)
Gender, n (%)					<0.001
Male	19713	(49.7)	946	(4.8)
Female	19939	(50.3)	645	(3.2)
Age at CHD diagnosis a , n (%)					<0.001
Neonates	22147	(55.9)	800	(3.6)
Infants	12797	(32.3)	741	(5.8)
Toddlers & Preschools	4708	(11.9)	50	(1.1)
Median follow-up, years (IQR)	7	(3–9)
Follow-up period, years					<0.001
0–3	10624	(26.8)	480	(4.5)
4–7	11223	(28.3)	478	(4.3)
≧8	17805	(44.9)	633	(3.6)
Other associated ECA, n (%)
Nervous system					<0.001
(+)	1183	(3.0)	157	(13.3)
(-)	38469		1434	(3.7)
Musculoskeletal system					<0.001
(+)	1250	(3.2)	202	(16.2)
(-)	38402		1389	(3.6)
Eyes/ears/face/neck
(+)	475	(1.2)	85	(17.9)	<0.001
(-)	39177		1506	(3.8)
Cleft lip/palate					<0.001
(+)	732	(1.8)	110	(15.0)
(-)	8920		1481	(3.8)
Gastrointestinal system					<0.001
(+)	846	(2.1)	81	(9.6)
(-)	38006		1510	(3.9)
Urinary system					<0.001
(+)	540	(1.4)	43	(8.0)
(-)	39112		1548	(4.0)
Genital system					<0.001
(+)	742	(1.9)	86	(11.6)
(-)	38910		1505	(3.9)
Integument					0.287
(+)	56	(0.1)	4	(7.1)
(-)	39596		1587	(4.0)
Chromosome					<0.001
(+)	1267	(3.2)	155	(12.2)
(-)	38385		1436	(3.7)
Mortality					<0.001
(+)	2533	(6.4)	199	(7.9)
(-)	37119		1392	(3.8)

Abbreviation: CHD, congenital heart disease; CAA, congenital airway anomaly; ECA, extracardiac anomaly; IQR, inter-quartile range.

^aNeonate, newborn to ≤ 28 days of life; infant, >28 days but < 12 months; toddler & preschool, aged 1–5 years.

^bχ² or Fisher’s exact tests for the presence of CAA among different stratum