Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population
| Characteristic | Men (n=1900, 48.9%) | Women (n=1988, 51.1%) | Total (n=3888) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 47 (7) | 46 (7) | 46 (7) | 0.16 |
| Smoking status, n (%)a | ||||
| Never smoked | 363 (19.1) | 880 (44.3) | 1243 (32.0) | <0.001 |
| Past smoker | 330 (17.4) | 233 (11.7) | 563 (14.5) | |
| Current smoker | 1207 (63.5) | 875 (44.0) | 2082 (53.6) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Primary school | 621 (32.7) | 1065 (53.6) | 1686 (43.4) | <0.001 |
| Secondary | 777 (40.9) | 830 (41.8) | 1607 (41.3) | |
| College | 325 (17.1) | 60 (3.0) | 385 (9.9) | |
| University | 177 (9.3) | 33 (1.7) | 210 (5.4) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 33 (1.8) | 29 (1.5) | 62 (1.6) | 0.46 |
| Hypertension, n (%)b | 846 (44.5) | 792 (39.9) | 1638 (42.1) | 0.003 |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 0.15 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 256 (44) | 256 (48) | 256 (46) | 0.87 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135 (16) | 134 (19) | 134 (18) | 0.03 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 86 (10) | 85 (10) | 85 (10) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 97 (49) | 80 (34) | 87 (42) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26 (3) | 24 (4) | 25 (4) | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood sugar (mg/dl) | 84 (13) | 79 (11) | 81 (12) | <0.001 |
| Proteinuria, n (%)c | 30 (1.6) | 9 (0.5) | 39 (1.1) | 0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 92 (13) | 87 (13) | 89 (13) | <0.001 |
Data are given as the mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.
a
Smoking was categorized as past smoker, current smoker, and never smoked based on self-report.
b
Hypertension was defined as systolic BP >140 mmHg or diastolic BP >90 mmHg or receiving hypertension treatment.
c
During the Reykjavik Study visits, urine protein was determined using reagent strip testing to provide semiquantitative results. Participants with 1+ or higher were considered to have proteinuria.