Table 5.
Risk factors of traveler's diarrhea
| Prevalence (%) | Crude prevalence ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age group (years) | |||
| 18–25 | 23.1 | 1 | 1 |
| 26–35 | 17.6 | 0.71* (0.62–0.82) | 0.84 (0.71–1.00) |
| 36–45 | 9.6 | 0.35* (0.29–0.43) | 0.56* (0.44–0.71) |
| 46–60 | 10.9 | 0.41* (0.33–0.49) | 0.46* (0.36–0.58) |
| > 60 | 12.5 | 0.47* (0.34–0.66) | 0.35* (0.23–0.51) |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 16.8 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 15.3 | 0.90 (0.79–1.01) | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) |
| Nationality | |||
| East Asian | 2.6 | 1 | 1 |
| South American | 2.6 | 1.01 (0.39–2.18) | 0.47 (0.18–1.06) |
| Middle-east Asian | 3.8 | 1.49 (0.79–2.60) | 1.41 (0.72–2.59) |
| South Asian | 4.5 | 1.75* (1.07–2.76) | 1.52 (0.84–2.65) |
| African | 14.1 | 6.13* (3.73–9.81) | 3.90* (2.21–6.70) |
| European | 27.0 | 13.90* (10.83–18.15) | 8.24* (6.05–11.44) |
| North American | 27.8 | 14.41* (10.51–19.92) | 8.88* (6.08–13.10) |
| Oceanian | 32.9 | 18.39* (13.82–24.77) | 11.67* (8.24–16.76) |
| Main purpose | |||
| Tourism | 15.6 | 1 | 1 |
| Business | 12.0 | 0.74* (0.54–0.99) | 0.83 (0.57–1.20) |
| Visiting friends and relatives | 22.9 | 1.60* (1.25–2.03) | 1.30 (0.97–1.71) |
| Education/research | 27.9 | 2.09* (1.28–3.32) | 1.21 (0.67–2.13) |
| Other | 22.4 | 1.56* (1.16–2.07) | 1.26 (0.90–1.75) |
| Duration of trip (days)† | |||
| 1–7 | 2.8 | 1 | – |
| 8–14 | 15.8 | 6.59* (5.16–8.48) | – |
| 15–21 | 26.0 | 12.33* (9.68–15.85) | – |
| 22–28 | 26.2 | 12.44* (9.01–17.18) | – |
| > 28 | 35.0 | 18.85* (15.01–23.91) | – |
| First visit Southeast Asia | |||
| No | 14.8 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 24.5 | 1.91* (1.63–2.22) | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) |
| Numbers of countries visited | |||
| 1 country | 10.9 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 countries | 26.9 | 3.00* (2.56–3.50) | 1.83* (1.52–2.19) |
| 3 countries | 35.5 | 4.48* (3.64–5.50) | 2.41* (1.89–3.06) |
| > 3 countries | 45.0 | 6.66* (5.34–8.31) | 3.39* (2.62–4.40) |
| Seek travel–health information before trip | |||
| No | 14.9 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 16.5 | 1.13 (0.98–1.29) | 1.31* (1.10–1.55) |
| Bought food from a street vendor | |||
| No | 16.3 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 18.9 | 1.20* (1.05–1.37) | 1.02 (0.86–1.19) |
| Drank beverages with ice or ice cubes | |||
| No | 10.2 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 29.7 | 3.71* (3.27–4.22) | 1.63* (1.40–1.90) |
| Washed hands before eating food | |||
| No | 11.5 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 22.4 | 2.21* (1.94–2.51) | 0.81 (0.64–1.02) |
| Visit travel clinic | |||
| No | 20.2 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 11.9 | 0.53* (0.47–0.60) | 0.87 (0.74–1.01) |
| Ate salad vegetable | |||
| No | 15.2 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 20.3 | 1.42* (1.25–1.61) | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) |
| Wash hand before handling food | |||
| No | 11.1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 23.4 | 2.45* (2.16–2.79) | 1.36* (1.09–1.71) |
*
Statistically significant (P < 0.05).
†
Duration of trip was not included in the final model due to colinearity with numbers of countries visited and nationality.