Table 3.
Associations between mothers' alcohol consumption and foetal health outcomes in Northern Tanzania 2000–2010
| % of births | % (n) of births with outcome | Univariate analysis | Multivariable model(a) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | RR (95 % CI) | p-value | ARR (95 % CI) | p-value | ||
| Perinatal death (n = 33971)(b) | ||||||
| Drinks alcohol | 34.1 | 5.2 (606) | 0.83 (0.76 – 0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.81 – 1.07) | 0.288 |
| Drinks alcohol every day | 1.0 | 3.3 (11) | 0.53 (0.30 – 0.95) | 0.032 | 0.40 (0.17 – 0.96) | 0.041 |
| Drinks alcohol more than once a week | 10.1 | 4.6 (157) | 0.72 (0.62 – 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.64 – 1.01) | 0.064 |
| Drinks alcohol once a week | 3.8 | 5.1 (66) | 0.80 (0.63 – 1.02) | 0.073 | 1.05 (0.77 – 1.44) | 0.743 |
| Drinks occasionally | 19.2 | 5.7 (372) | 0.90 (0.81 – 1.01) | 0.071 | 0.99 (0.85 – 1.16) | 0.930 |
| Abstains from alcohol | 65.9 | 6.3 (1414) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Small for gestational age (below 10th percentile related to gestational age and sex(d)) (n = 27065)(c) | ||||||
| Drinks alcohol | 34.4 | 14.0 (1305) | 0.81 (0.76 – 0.86) | < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.80 – 0.94) | 0.001 |
| Drinks alcohol every day | 1.0 | 13.8 (36) | 0.80 (0.59 – 1.08) | 0.142 | 0.81 (0.54 – 1.22) | 0.316 |
| Drinks alcohol more than once a week | 10.0 | 13.5 (367) | 0.78 (0.71 – 0.86) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.77 – 1.00) | 0.052 |
| Drinks alcohol once a week | 4.0 | 14.2 (153) | 0.82 (0.70 – 0.95) | 0.009 | 0.80 (0.65 – 0.98) | 0.034 |
| Drinks occasionally | 19.4 | 14.3 (749) | 0.82 (0.77 – 0.89) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.79 – 0.97) | 0.007 |
| Abstains from alcohol | 65.6 | 17.3 (3079) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Low gestational age < 37 weeks (n = 29399)(c) | ||||||
| Drinks alcohol | 34.4 | 10.5 (1062) | 0.85 (0.79 – 0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.81 – 0.99) | 0.024 |
| Drinks alcohol every day | 1.0 | 11.7 (33) | 0.95 (0.69 – 1.31) | 0.735 | 0.93 (0.61 – 1.41) | 0.723 |
| Drinks alcohol more than once a week | 10.1 | 10.1 (301) | 0.82 (0.73 – 0.92) | < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.77 – 1.05) | 0.170 |
| Drinks alcohol once a week | 4.0 | 10.5 (123) | 0.85 (0.71 – 1.00) | 0.055 | 0.91 (0.72 – 1.15) | 0.450 |
| Drinks occasionally | 19.4 | 10.6 (605) | 0.86 (0.79 – 0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.88 (0.78 – 1.00) | 0.043 |
| Abstains from alcohol | 65.6 | 12.4 (2394) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Low Apgar score 5 min after birth (Apgar score < 7) (n = 32363)(b) | ||||||
| Drinks alcohol | 34.2 | 2.7 (304) | 0.87 (0.76 – 0.99) | 0.039 | 1.12 (0.92 – 1.36) | 0.249 |
| Drinks alcohol every day | 1.0 | 2.2 (7) | 0.70 (0.34 – 1.47) | 0.348 | 0.48 (0.12 – 1.94) | 0.300 |
| Drinks alcohol more than once a week | 10.2 | 2.6 (85) | 0.82 (0.65 – 1.02) | 0.076 | 1.28 (0.95 – 1.73) | 0.104 |
| Drinks alcohol once a week | 3.8 | 2.3 (29) | 0.74 (0.51 – 1.06) | 0.103 | 1.23 (0.78 – 1.95) | 0.371 |
| Drinks occasionally | 19.2 | 2.9 (183) | 0.93 (0.79 – 1.09) | 0.384 | 1.10 (0.88 – 1.38) | 0.386 |
| Abstains from alcohol | 65.8 | 3.2 (673) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
(a)In the multivariable analyses the associations with alcohol have for all the outcomes been adjusted for the following predictors: mother's age, mother's occupation, mother's tribe, mother's religion, mother's body mass index, mother's height, previous pregnancies, mother's current residence, mother's childhood residence, father's age, father's tribe, year of delivery, drinking water source, boiling of drinking water, mother's age at marriage and mother's HIV-status
(b)Analyses of perinatal death and low Apgar score 5 min after birth includes all births including twins and triplets. Low Apgar score does not include stillbirths
(c)Analyses of small for gestational age and low gestational age include singleton births only
(d)Limits for 10th percentile related to gestational age and sex are based on Villar et al., 2014