Table 1.

Cranial and mandibular measurements for H. naledi, early hominins, and modern humans

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09560.012

	Measurement definitions as in Wood (1991)	P. aethiopicus	P. boisei	P. robustus	Au. afarensis	Au. africanus	Au. sediba	H. naledi	H. habilis	H. rudolfensis	H. erectus	MP Homo	H. sapiens
Cranium
Cranial capacity	–	410	485	493	457	467	420	513	610	776	865	1266	1330
Porion height	6	72	74	–	86	70	67	81	77	90	94	101	112
Posterior cranial length	3	58	47	54	60	44	–	65	60	70	79	99	81
Bi-parietal breadth	9	94	98	–	90	99	100	103	107	118	129	142	132
Bi-temporal breadth	10	110	109	108	115	104	101	107	112	126	131	146	127
Closest approach of temporal lines	–	crest*	crest*	crest*	crest*	21	56	52	35	51	72	101	96
Supraorbital height index	–	46	53	50	51	60	56	56	64	59	56	62	71
Minimum post-orbital breadth	–	62	66	70	77	67	70	68	75	78	89	96	97
Superior facial breadth	49	100	107	109	–	95	86	86	97	113	110	124	107
Post-orbital constriction index†	–	62	61	64	–	69	81	79	72	74	81	80	91
EAM area (as an ellipse)‡	–	77	80	103	70	96	–	38	76	–	95	85	61
Root of zygomatic process origin	–	P4	P4	P3 to M1	P4 to M1	P4 to M1	P4	P3 to P4	P4 to M1	P4 to M1	P4 to M1	M1	M1
Petromedian angle	137	50	45	50	31	33	–	55	48	–	52	55	46
Maxilloalveolar process
Maxilloalveolar length	87	94	78	69	67	71	63	57	65	68	66	69	55
Maxilloalveolar breadth	88	83	76	69	68	66	63	71	68	72	70	72	62
Palate breadth	91	32	40	35	30	36	29	44	38	40	38	56	40
Palate depth at incisive fossa	–	3	11	10	10	9	10	5	10	13	11	10	9
Palate depth at M1	103	7	18	11	11	13	10	10	12	16	15	18	13
Mandible
Symphysis height	141	37	49	42	39	37	32	33	31	37	35	34	34
Symphysis width	142	26	28	25	20	21	18	18	20	24	18	17	14
Symphysis area at M1 (as an ellipse)‡	146	757	1114	835	623	606	452	467	393	723	519	474	365
Corpus height at M1	150	38	42	36	34	32	30	26	29	36	31	31	28
Corpus breadth at M1	151	25	29	26	20	21	18	16	20	22	19	19	13
Corpus area at M1 (as an ellipse)‡	152	742	955	736	540	539	405	326	425	631	458	469	296
Mental foramen height index§	–	51	50	54	58	53	50	40	46	49	48	48	50

^*At least in presumed males.

^†Post-orbital breadth/superior facial breadth × 100.

^‡Following the formula (π × (corpus height/2) × (corpus breadth/2)).

^§Height of mental foramen from alveolar border relative to corpus height at the mental foramen.

MP, Middle Pleistocene.

Unless otherwise indicated measurements are defined as in Wood (1991). Chord distances are in mm. Data for H. naledi collected from original fossils or laser scans by DJdeR and HMG; comparative data collected by DJdeR on original fossils and casts and supplemented by data from Wood (1991).