Table 1.
Measurement definitions as in Wood (1991) | P. aethiopicus | P. boisei | P. robustus | Au. afarensis | Au. africanus | Au. sediba | H. naledi | H. habilis | H. rudolfensis | H. erectus | MP Homo | H. sapiens | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cranium | |||||||||||||
Cranial capacity | – | 410 | 485 | 493 | 457 | 467 | 420 | 513 | 610 | 776 | 865 | 1266 | 1330 |
Porion height | 6 | 72 | 74 | – | 86 | 70 | 67 | 81 | 77 | 90 | 94 | 101 | 112 |
Posterior cranial length | 3 | 58 | 47 | 54 | 60 | 44 | – | 65 | 60 | 70 | 79 | 99 | 81 |
Bi-parietal breadth | 9 | 94 | 98 | – | 90 | 99 | 100 | 103 | 107 | 118 | 129 | 142 | 132 |
Bi-temporal breadth | 10 | 110 | 109 | 108 | 115 | 104 | 101 | 107 | 112 | 126 | 131 | 146 | 127 |
Closest approach of temporal lines | – | crest* | crest* | crest* | crest* | 21 | 56 | 52 | 35 | 51 | 72 | 101 | 96 |
Supraorbital height index | – | 46 | 53 | 50 | 51 | 60 | 56 | 56 | 64 | 59 | 56 | 62 | 71 |
Minimum post-orbital breadth | – | 62 | 66 | 70 | 77 | 67 | 70 | 68 | 75 | 78 | 89 | 96 | 97 |
Superior facial breadth | 49 | 100 | 107 | 109 | – | 95 | 86 | 86 | 97 | 113 | 110 | 124 | 107 |
Post-orbital constriction index† | – | 62 | 61 | 64 | – | 69 | 81 | 79 | 72 | 74 | 81 | 80 | 91 |
EAM area (as an ellipse)‡ | – | 77 | 80 | 103 | 70 | 96 | – | 38 | 76 | – | 95 | 85 | 61 |
Root of zygomatic process origin | – | P4 | P4 | P3 to M1 | P4 to M1 | P4 to M1 | P4 | P3 to P4 | P4 to M1 | P4 to M1 | P4 to M1 | M1 | M1 |
Petromedian angle | 137 | 50 | 45 | 50 | 31 | 33 | – | 55 | 48 | – | 52 | 55 | 46 |
Maxilloalveolar process | |||||||||||||
Maxilloalveolar length | 87 | 94 | 78 | 69 | 67 | 71 | 63 | 57 | 65 | 68 | 66 | 69 | 55 |
Maxilloalveolar breadth | 88 | 83 | 76 | 69 | 68 | 66 | 63 | 71 | 68 | 72 | 70 | 72 | 62 |
Palate breadth | 91 | 32 | 40 | 35 | 30 | 36 | 29 | 44 | 38 | 40 | 38 | 56 | 40 |
Palate depth at incisive fossa | – | 3 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 9 |
Palate depth at M1 | 103 | 7 | 18 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 15 | 18 | 13 |
Mandible | |||||||||||||
Symphysis height | 141 | 37 | 49 | 42 | 39 | 37 | 32 | 33 | 31 | 37 | 35 | 34 | 34 |
Symphysis width | 142 | 26 | 28 | 25 | 20 | 21 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 24 | 18 | 17 | 14 |
Symphysis area at M1 (as an ellipse)‡ | 146 | 757 | 1114 | 835 | 623 | 606 | 452 | 467 | 393 | 723 | 519 | 474 | 365 |
Corpus height at M1 | 150 | 38 | 42 | 36 | 34 | 32 | 30 | 26 | 29 | 36 | 31 | 31 | 28 |
Corpus breadth at M1 | 151 | 25 | 29 | 26 | 20 | 21 | 18 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 19 | 19 | 13 |
Corpus area at M1 (as an ellipse)‡ | 152 | 742 | 955 | 736 | 540 | 539 | 405 | 326 | 425 | 631 | 458 | 469 | 296 |
Mental foramen height index§ | – | 51 | 50 | 54 | 58 | 53 | 50 | 40 | 46 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 50 |
At least in presumed males.
Post-orbital breadth/superior facial breadth × 100.
Following the formula (π × (corpus height/2) × (corpus breadth/2)).
Height of mental foramen from alveolar border relative to corpus height at the mental foramen.
MP, Middle Pleistocene.
Unless otherwise indicated measurements are defined as in Wood (1991). Chord distances are in mm. Data for H. naledi collected from original fossils or laser scans by DJdeR and HMG; comparative data collected by DJdeR on original fossils and casts and supplemented by data from Wood (1991).