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. 2015 Mar 27;123(9):860–866. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1408762

Table 2.

Associations of increases in average black smoke, NO2, or PM2.5 exposures 1987–1996 or baseline address traffic measures with incident lung cancer 1986–2003 overall and by subtype.

Exposure All lung cancer HR (95% CI) Squamous-cell carcinoma HR (95% CI) Small-cell carcinoma HR (95% CI) Large-cell carcinoma HR (95% CI) Adenocarcinoma HR (95% CI)
No. of cases 3,355 1,298 573 498 737
Black smoke (10 μg/m3)
Basic modela 1.23 (1.08, 1.40) 1.16 (0.96, 1.40) 1.24 (0.96, 1.60) 1.22 (0.94, 1.59) 1.42 (1.14, 1.78)
Multivariable modelb 1.16 (1.02, 1.32) 1.14 (0.94, 1.38) 1.24 (0.95, 1.61) 1.22 (0.91, 1.62) 1.14 (0.90, 1.44)
NO2 (30 μg/m3)
Basic modela 1.24 (1.05, 1.47) 1.09 (0.86, 1.38) 1.21 (0.87, 1.69) 1.26 (0.89, 1.78) 1.65 (1.24, 2.21)
Multivariable modelb 1.29 (1.08, 1.54) 1.24 (0.96, 1.61) 1.37 (0.95, 1.97) 1.33 (0.90, 1.97) 1.29 (0.93, 1.78)
PM2.5 (10 μg/m3)
Basic modela 1.12 (0.89, 1.40) 1.02 (0.73, 1.41) 1.11 (0.71, 1.72) 1.17 (0.73, 1.87) 1.44 (0.98, 2.11)
Multivariable modelb 1.17 (0.93, 1.47) 1.15 (0.82, 1.61) 1.12 (0.71, 1.77) 1.37 (0.83, 2.26) 1.12 (0.74, 1.70)
Living near a major road
Basic modela 1.18 (0.96, 1.45) 1.15 (0.87, 1.54) 1.39 (0.96, 2.00) 1.28 (0.86, 1.91) 1.15 (0.81, 1.63)
Multivariable modelc 1.12 (0.92, 1.37) 1.08 (0.80, 1.44) 1.40 (0.96, 2.02) 1.25 (0.83, 1.88) 1.05 (0.75, 1.47)
Traffic intensity on the nearest road (10,000 mvh/24 hr)
Basic modela 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) 1.07 (0.95, 1.21) 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) 1.03 (0.86, 1.23) 1.05 (0.92, 1.20)
Multivariable modelc 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) 1.03 (0.91, 1.15) 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) 0.99 (0.86, 1.14)
Traffic intensity in a 100-m buffer (335,000 mvh/24 hr)
Basic modela 1.15 (1.01, 1.31) 1.21 (1.01, 1.44) 1.13 (0.87, 1.46) 1.03 (0.79, 1.35) 1.20 (0.97, 1.49)
Multivariable modelc 1.10 (0.97, 1.24) 1.17 (0.98, 1.39) 1.15 (0.89, 1.47) 0.98 (0.75, 1.29) 1.10 (0.89, 1.36)
aAdjusted for age and sex. bAdditionally adjusted for cigarette-, cigar-, and pipe-smoking status; years and amount of cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking; secondhand smoke exposure; educational status; occupational status; marital status; BMI; alcohol consumption; intake of fruits, vegetables, and fish; and neighborhood- and COROP-level SES. cAdjusted for all covariates in the default multivariable model plus regional and urban background black smoke.