Table 2.
Associations of increases in average black smoke, NO2, or PM2.5 exposures 1987–1996 or baseline address traffic measures with incident lung cancer 1986–2003 overall and by subtype.
| Exposure | All lung cancer HR (95% CI) | Squamous-cell carcinoma HR (95% CI) | Small-cell carcinoma HR (95% CI) | Large-cell carcinoma HR (95% CI) | Adenocarcinoma HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases | 3,355 | 1,298 | 573 | 498 | 737 |
| Black smoke (10 μg/m3) | |||||
| Basic modela | 1.23 (1.08, 1.40) | 1.16 (0.96, 1.40) | 1.24 (0.96, 1.60) | 1.22 (0.94, 1.59) | 1.42 (1.14, 1.78) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.16 (1.02, 1.32) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.38) | 1.24 (0.95, 1.61) | 1.22 (0.91, 1.62) | 1.14 (0.90, 1.44) |
| NO2 (30 μg/m3) | |||||
| Basic modela | 1.24 (1.05, 1.47) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.38) | 1.21 (0.87, 1.69) | 1.26 (0.89, 1.78) | 1.65 (1.24, 2.21) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.29 (1.08, 1.54) | 1.24 (0.96, 1.61) | 1.37 (0.95, 1.97) | 1.33 (0.90, 1.97) | 1.29 (0.93, 1.78) |
| PM2.5 (10 μg/m3) | |||||
| Basic modela | 1.12 (0.89, 1.40) | 1.02 (0.73, 1.41) | 1.11 (0.71, 1.72) | 1.17 (0.73, 1.87) | 1.44 (0.98, 2.11) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.17 (0.93, 1.47) | 1.15 (0.82, 1.61) | 1.12 (0.71, 1.77) | 1.37 (0.83, 2.26) | 1.12 (0.74, 1.70) |
| Living near a major road | |||||
| Basic modela | 1.18 (0.96, 1.45) | 1.15 (0.87, 1.54) | 1.39 (0.96, 2.00) | 1.28 (0.86, 1.91) | 1.15 (0.81, 1.63) |
| Multivariable modelc | 1.12 (0.92, 1.37) | 1.08 (0.80, 1.44) | 1.40 (0.96, 2.02) | 1.25 (0.83, 1.88) | 1.05 (0.75, 1.47) |
| Traffic intensity on the nearest road (10,000 mvh/24 hr) | |||||
| Basic modela | 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.21) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) |
| Multivariable modelc | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.15) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) |
| Traffic intensity in a 100-m buffer (335,000 mvh/24 hr) | |||||
| Basic modela | 1.15 (1.01, 1.31) | 1.21 (1.01, 1.44) | 1.13 (0.87, 1.46) | 1.03 (0.79, 1.35) | 1.20 (0.97, 1.49) |
| Multivariable modelc | 1.10 (0.97, 1.24) | 1.17 (0.98, 1.39) | 1.15 (0.89, 1.47) | 0.98 (0.75, 1.29) | 1.10 (0.89, 1.36) |
| aAdjusted for age and sex. bAdditionally adjusted for cigarette-, cigar-, and pipe-smoking status; years and amount of cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking; secondhand smoke exposure; educational status; occupational status; marital status; BMI; alcohol consumption; intake of fruits, vegetables, and fish; and neighborhood- and COROP-level SES. cAdjusted for all covariates in the default multivariable model plus regional and urban background black smoke. | |||||