Experimental timeline for generating pregnant CD-1 mice and subsequent exposures to CdO NP by inhalation. Beginning on GD 4.5, mice were weighed, placed into nose-only exposure tubes, and placed on the exposure apparatus for 2.5 h/d, 7 d/wk. Some mice were exposed through GD 9.5, 13.5, or 16.5 and euthanized 1 d later, while the remaining mice gave birth on GD 19.5. For these studies, some neonates were euthanized for to assess their kidneys on postnatal days 7, 10, and 14.