Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for musculoskeletal variables and bite force generation in Rhinoptera bonasus
| Muscle division | Mass (g) | CSA (cm2) | In-lever (cm) | Muscle force (N) | Percent contribution to bite force (N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMMe | 0.66 ± 0.09 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 3.04 ± 0.17 | 2.23 ± 0.23 | 1.75 ± 0.13 |
| 0.01–1.69 | 0.03–0.69 | 1.52–4.63 | 0.47–4.92 | 0.85–3.85 | |
| SB | 4.32 ± 0.64 | 1.39 ± 0.17 | 2.79 ± 0.17 | 20.7 ± 2.55 | 13.94 ± 0.46 |
| 0.10–12.13 | 0.18–3.351 | 1.55–4.6 | 2.61–49.93 | 9.6–18.49 | |
| AMLa | 2.81 ± 0.42 | 1.19 ± 0.14 | 2.79 ± 0.17 | 17.84 ± 2.13 | 12.79 ± 0.98 |
| 0.1–6.68 | 0.22–2.73 | 1.55–4.6 | 3.35–40.74 | 6.81–36.22 | |
| AMD | 1.57 ± 0.24 | 0.69 ± 0.08 | 1.69 ± 0.12 | 10.2 ± 1.12 | 7.31 ± 0.35 |
| 0.08–4.75 | 0.14–1.45 | 0.64–3.62 | 2.2–21.6 | 4.71–10.71 | |
| AMMa | 14.84 ± 2.18 | 5.48 ± 0.65 | 2.28 ± 0.13 | 81.6 ± 9.67 | 54.74 ± 1.34 |
| 0.6–39.3 | 0.52–14.72 | 1.18–3.37 | 7.75–219.33 | 30.51–62.36 | |
| AMLi | 3.43 ± 0.48 | 0.84 ± 0.08 | 2.96 ± 0.17 | 12.51 ± 1.26 | 9.46 ± 0.9 |
| 0.08–7.93 | 0.14–1.62 | 1.7–4.82 | 2.02–24.1 | 5.78–31.31 |
Values are the mean ± SEM.AMD, adductor mandibulae deep; AMLa, adductor mandibulae lateralis; AMLi, adductor mandibulae lingualis; AMMa, adductor mandibulae major; AMMe, adductor mandibulae medialis; CSA, cross-sectional area; SB, suborbitalis.