Table 2.

Population-based studies of infective endocarditis before and after guidelines changes.

Author	Study Years	Country	Population	Results
Dayer [5]	2000-2013	UK	England Hospital discharge records	Increased incidence of IE (25%) coinciding with approximately 89% reduction in antibiotic prophylaxis use for dental procedures since the 2008 NICE IE prevention guidelines starting within 3 months since 2008 NICE IE prevention guidelines
DeSimone [1]	1999-2010	US	Adults, Olmsted County, MN NIS database Definite & possible IE	No increase in VGS-IE incidence before and after 2007 AHA IE prevention guidelines
Thornhill [2]	2000-2010	UK	England Hospital discharge records	No significant change in the upward trend in IE cases due to oral streptococci; 78.6% reduction in antibiotic prophylaxis prescriptions
Duval [7]	1991, 1999, 2008	France	11 million patients Age ≥20 Definite, possible, & probable IE	No increase in VGS-IE incidence since 2002 French IE prophylaxis guidelines
Bikdeli [12]	1999-2010	US	US Medicare beneficiaries Age ≥65	No increase in rates of hospitalization after 2007 AHA IE prevention guidelines
Pasquali [13]	2003-2010	US	Pediatric Health Information Systems Database	No increase in IE admission across 37 US children's hospitals following 2007 AHA IE prevention guidelines