Table 1.

Osteogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells.

Embryoid body (EB) vs monolayer (ML)	Factors tested	Additional conditions (eg bioreactor)	Assays (mineral deposition, gene expression, implant)	Reference
Mouse
EB	AA, βGP, dex		Mineral deposition Immunostaining for osteocalcin	(5)
EB	AA, βGP, RA, BMP2		Mineral deposition Osteogenic marker expression	(70)
EB	AA, βGP, VD3		Mineral deposition Osteogenic marker expression ALP activity	(22)
EB	AA, βGP, dex		Osteogenic marker expression Microarray Mineral deposition	(20)
EB	AA, βGP, VD3, RA, BMP2		Osteogenic marker expression Microarray Mineral deposition	(23)
		ESCs seeded on scaffold to form cartilage matrix	Healing of rat critical-size cranial defect	(25)
EB	AA, βGP, dex	Decellularized osteogenic extracellular matrix	Mineral deposition Osteogenic marker expression	(26)
ML	AA, βGP, dex	CultiSpher S microcarrier	Osteogenic marker expression Mineral deposition Subcutaneous implant in SCID mice Healing of burr-hole fracture in mice	(29)
EB	AA, βGP, dex		Mineral deposition Osteogenic marker expression Compared to BMSCs and calvarial osteoblasts	(88)
EB	AA, βGP, VD3	3D type I collagen gel	Healing of burr-hole fracture in mice	(30)
EB	AA, βGP, dex, PPARγ inhibitor, RA		Mineral deposition Osteogenic marker expression Immunostaining for Runx2, osterix	(89)
EB	AA, βGP, VD3	Cyclic loading	Osteogenic marker expression	(32)
EB	AA, βGP, dex, BMP4		Osteogenic marker expression	(21)
Human
EB	AA, βGP, dex		Mineral deposition Osteogenic marker expression	(18)
EB	AA, βGP, dex		Mineral deposition Osteogenic marker expression Subcutanoue implant in SCID mice on PDLLA scaffold	(19)
ML	Various	HA/TCP particles or carpet	Osteogenic marker expression Subcutaneous implant in immunodeficient mice Teratoma formation	(31)
EB		Lentiviral expression of Runx2 and BMP-2- enriched hydrogel	Osteogenic marker expression Immunostaining for osteocalcin and type I collagen Mineral deposition Subcutaneous implant in immunodeficient mice	(90)
ML	AA, βGP, dex	Decellularized bone scaffolds and perfused bioreactor culture	Immunostaining for osteocalcin Subcutaneous implant in immunodeficient mice	(27)
ML	AA, βGP, dex	Mechanical strain on BioFlex plates	Immunostaining for osteocalcin and type I collagen Mineral deposition Osteogenic marker expression	(33)
ML	AA, βGP	Decellularized osteogenic matrix on PLGA scaffold	Mineral deposition Immunostaining for osteocalcin Osteogenic marker expression	(28)
ML		Zinc finger nuclease targeting of Col2.3GFP and hydroxyapatite /collagen matrix scaffold	Teratoma formation Implant into mouse calvarial defect model	(24)

Abbreviations: AA – ascorbic acid; βGP – β-glycerophosphate; RA – retinoic acid; VD3 – 1,25OH-vitamin D3; PDLLA – poly-D, L-lactide; ALP – alkaline phosphatase; BMSC – bone marrow stromal cell; PLGA – poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); HA/TCP – hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate