TABLE 1.
Hazard ratios for incident dementia by lifestyle behaviors at enrollment in The 90+ Study and 20 years previously in the Leisure World Cohort Study
| At enrollment in The 90+ Study (2003 or later) |
By the Leisure World Cohort Study (1980s) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lifestyle Behavior | No.† | No. with incident dementia |
HR‡ | 95% CI | No.† | No. with incident dementia |
HR‡ | 95% CI |
| Smoke | ||||||||
| Never | 294 | 135 | 1.00 | 274 | 132 | 1.00 | ||
| Ever | 271 | 119 | 0.95 | 0.74-1.21 | 313 | 136 | 0.84 | 0.66-1.07 |
| <1 packs/day | 156 | 70 | 0.95 | 0.71-1.28 | 160 | 71 | 0.80 | 0.60-1.07 |
| 1+ packs/day | 99 | 39 | 0.89 | 0.62-1.27 | 144 | 61 | 0.90 | 0.66-1.22 |
| Alcohol consumption (drinks/day) | ||||||||
| 0 | 208 | 87 | 1.00 | 112 | 49 | 1.00 | ||
| <2 | 260 | 118 | 0.97 | 0.73-1.28 | 291 | 135 | 1.00 | 0.72-1.39 |
| 2+ | 79 | 41 | 1.09 | 0.75-1.58 | 184 | 84 | 1.03 | 0.72-1.46 |
| Caffeine intake (mg/day) | ||||||||
| <50 | 104 | 52 | 1.00 | 147 | 61 | 1.00 | ||
| 50-199 | 137 | 61 | 0.76 | 0.52-1.10 | 221 | 102 | 0.96 | 0.70-1.32 |
| 200+ | 97 | 41 | 0.66 | 0.43-0.99 | 219 | 105 | 1.04 | 0.76-1.43 |
| Vitamin A supplements | ||||||||
| No | 348 | 164 | 1.00 | 304 | 144 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 239 | 104 | 0.77 | 0.60-0.98 | 283 | 124 | 0.90 | 0.71-1.15 |
| Vitamin C supplements | ||||||||
| No | 292 | 139 | 1.00 | 210 | 100 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 295 | 129 | 0.74 | 0.58-0.94 | 377 | 168 | 0.92 | 0.72-1.19 |
| Vitamin E supplements | ||||||||
| No | 294 | 137 | 1.00 | 260 | 126 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 293 | 131 | 0.74 | 0.58-0.95 | 327 | 142 | 0.86 | 0.67-1.10 |
| Active exercise (hours/day) | ||||||||
| 0 | 110 | 43 | 1.00 | 128 | 48 | 1.00 | ||
| <1 | 65 | 19 | 0.68 | 0.40-1.17 | 176 | 90 | 1.27 | 0.89-1.80 |
| 1+ | 67 | 25 | 0.80 | 0.49-1.32 | 282 | 130 | 1.16 | 0.83-1.62 |
| DK | 345 | 181 | 0.91 | 0.64-1.29 | ||||
| Other exercise (hours/day) | ||||||||
| <3 | 120 | 46 | 1.00 | 147 | 63 | 1.00 | ||
| 3-4 | 69 | 26 | 0.89 | 0.54-1.44 | 194 | 88 | 1.03 | 0.74-1.43 |
| 5+ | 52 | 15 | 0.69 | 0.39-1.24 | 244 | 117 | 1.15 | 0.84-1.57 |
| DK | 346 | 181 | 0.94 | 0.67-1.32 | ||||
| Vigorous exercise at age 40 | ||||||||
| No | 275 | 128 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 175 | 79 | 1.12 | 0.84-1.50 | ||||
| Vigorous exercise in 1983 (hours/day) | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 145 | 70 | 1.00 | |||||
| 2+ | 198 | 91 | 0.81 | 0.58-1.12 | ||||
| Vigorous exercise in 1998 (hours/day) | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 137 | 54 | 1.00 | |||||
| 2+ | 144 | 63 | 1.22 | 0.83-1.78 | ||||
†
Numbers do not always total 587 due to subjects with missing values.
‡
Adjusted for age by using age (continuous) as the time scale and for sex and education (≤ high school, vocational school or some college, college graduate) by including as covariates in the model.
DK = Don’t know; included as a separate category due to the large number with missing values.