Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all eligible antiretroviral-treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected, treated hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected, and dually-treated HIV/HBV-coinfected patients and a sample of uninfected persons among the U.S. Medicaid populations of California, Florida, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Persons of Asian/Pacific Islander race are excluded.
| Characteristic | ART-Treated HIV- Monoinfected (n=96,253) |
Treated HBV- Monoinfected (n=2,053) |
Dually- Treated HBV/HIV- Coinfected (n=4,156) |
HBV/HIV Uninfected Sample* (n=746,794) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (years, SD) | 40.9 (10.2) | 46.0 (15.5) | 41.4 (9.0) | 41.9 (20.6) |
| Female sex (n, %) | 36,829 (38.3%) | 841 (41.0%) | 898 (21.6%) | 536,856 (71.9%) |
| Race/ethnicity (n, %) | ||||
| White | 26,020 (27.0%) | 759 (37.0%) | 1,430 (34.4%) | 317,008 (42.4%) |
| Black | 44,376 (46.1%) | 384 (18.7%) | 1,857 (44.7%) | 124,182 (16.6%) |
| Hispanic, multi-racial, or American Indian | 20,978 (21.8%) | 569 (27.7%) | 705 (17.0%) | 270,527 (36.2%) |
| Unknown | 4,879 (5.1%) | 341 (16.6%) | 164 (3.9%) | 35,077 (4.7%) |
| State (n, %) | ||||
| California | 21,575 (22.4%) | 343 (16.7%) | 1,074 (25.8%) | 344,012 (46.1%) |
| Florida | 25,587 (26.6%) | 181 (8.8%) | 1,171 (28.2%) | 97,723 (13.1%) |
| New York | 40,587 (42.2%) | 1,382 (67.3%) | 1,629 (39.2%) | 172,178 (23.1%) |
| Ohio | 4,138 (4.3%) | 76 (3.7%) | 166 (4.0%) | 64,694 (8.7%) |
| Pennsylvania | 4,366 (4.5%) | 71 (3.5%) | 116 (2.8%) | 68,187 (9.1%) |
| Mean follow-up (years, SD) | 4.0 (2.9) | 2.2 (1.9) | 4.6 (2.8) | 3.5 (2.8) |
| Total follow-up time (person-years) | 384,818.2 | 4,456.3 | 19,175.2 | 2,581,502.5 |
| Baseline health condition (n, %) | ||||
| Alcoholism | 5,859 (6.1%) | 90 (4.4%) | 396 (9.5%) | 13,147 (1.8%) |
| Asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 9,777 (10.2%) | 154 (7.5%) | 535 (12.9%) | 49,901 (6.7%) |
| Cancer | 5,509 (5.7%) | 218 (10.6%) | 350 (8.4%) | 24,341 (3.3%) |
| Celiac disease | 3 (0.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (0.0%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6,494 (6.7%) | 299 (14.6%) | 443 (10.7%) | 28,351 (3.8%) |
| Congestive heart failure | 2,950 (3.1%) | 112 (5.5%) | 190 (4.6%) | 31,648 (4.2%) |
| Coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction | 3,349 (3.5%) | 161 (7.8%) | 198 (4.8%) | 47,228 (6.3%) |
| Dementia | 2,297 (2.4%) | 31 (1.5%) | 143 (3.4%) | 21,877 (2.9%) |
| Depression/bipolar disorder | 10,561 (11.0%) | 118 (5.7%) | 644 (15.5%) | 38,371 (5.1%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5,913 (6.1%) | 317 (15.4%) | 272 (6.5%) | 61,564 (8.2%) |
| Hepatic decompensation† | 780 (0.8%) | 199 (9.7%) | 108 (2.6%) | 2,257 (0.3%) |
| Hyperparathyroidism | 180 (0.2%) | 13 (0.6%) | 17 (0.4%) | 1,010 (0.1%) |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 380 (0.4%) | 15 (0.7%) | 19 (0.5%) | 1,516 (0.2%) |
| Obesity | 872 (0.9%) | 38 (1.9%) | 39 (0.9%) | 10,922 (1.5%) |
| Osteomalacia | 289 (0.3%) | 13 (0.6%) | 37 (0.9%) | 860 (0.1%) |
| Paget's disease | 5 (0.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 192 (0.0%) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1,355 (1.4%) | 60 (2.9%) | 55 (1.3%) | 8,017 (1.1%) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1,151 (1.2%) | 54 (2.6%) | 73 (1.8%) | 24,152 (3.2%) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/non-specific arthropathy | 1,722 (1.8%) | 81 (3.9%) | 89 (2.1%) | 19,528 (2.6%) |
| Schizophrenia | 549 (0.6%) | 7 (0.3%) | 23 (0.6%) | 3,762 (0.5%) |
| Seizure disorder | 3,434 (3.6%) | 52 (2.5%) | 215 (5.2%) | 13,894 (1.9%) |
| Stroke | 2,771 (2.9%) | 59 (2.9%) | 130 (3.1%) | 28,672 (3.8%) |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 139 (0.1%) | 6 (0.3%) | 9 (0.2%) | 1,215 (0.2%) |
| Baseline medication use (n, %) | ||||
| Anxiolytic | 17,512 (18.2%) | 239 (11.6%) | 956 (23.0%) | 48,022 (6.4%) |
| Antidepressant | 26,163 (27.2%) | 276 (13.4%) | 1,403 (33.8%) | 67,923 (9.1%) |
| Anticonvulsant/gabapentin | 15,279 (15.9%) | 212 (10.3%) | 855 (20.6%) | 41,887 (5.6%) |
| Antiparkinsonian | 7,373 (7.7%) | 75 (3.7%) | 382 (9.2%) | 18,350 (2.5%) |
| Antipsychotic | 12,395 (12.9%) | 186 (9.1%) | 659 (15.9%) | 33,627 (4.5%) |
| Bisphosphonate | 220 (0.2%) | 88 (4.3%) | 10 (0.2%) | 5,417 (0.7%) |
| Calcitonin | 48 (0.0%) | 8 (0.4%) | 3 (0.1%) | 2,104 (0.3%) |
| Calcium supplementation | 1,469 (1.5%) | 87 (4.2%) | 86 (2.1%) | 8,946 (1.2%) |
| Cholestyramine | 154 (0.2%) | 4 (0.2%) | 7 (0.2%) | 557 (0.1%) |
| Corticosteroids (inhaled) | 4,071 (4.2%) | 71 (3.5%) | 187 (4.5%) | 13,599 (1.8%) |
| Corticosteroids (oral) | 6,496 (6.7%) | 173 (8.4%) | 301 (7.2%) | 19,227 (2.6%) |
| Hormone therapy (estrogen) | 1,556 (1.6%) | 30 (1.5%) | 53 (1.3%) | 12,665 (1.7%) |
| Antiviral therapies for chronic HBV infection‡ | ||||
| Adefovir | 0 (0%) | 647 (31.5%) | 19 (0.5%) | - |
| Emtricitabine | 10,189 (10.6%) | 14 (0.7%) | 417 (10.0%) | - |
| Entecavir | 0 (0%) | 207 (10.1%) | 6 (0.1%) | - |
| Interferon alfa (standard or pegylated) | 0 (0%) | 897 (43.7%) | 30 (0.7%) | - |
| Lamivudine | 68,660 (71.3%) | 1,175 (57.2%) | 3,585 (86.3%) | - |
| Telbivudine | 0 (0%) | 23 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | - |
| Tenofovir | 16,923 (17.6%) | 13 (0.6%) | 897 (21.6%) | - |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug/aspirin | 22,272 (23.1%) | 397 (19.3%) | 996 (24.0%) | 92,602 (12.4%) |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 11,481 (11.9%) | 542 (26.4%) | 641 (15.4%) | 34,390 (4.6%) |
| Statin | 4,764 (4.9%) | 161 (7.8%) | 250 (6.0%) | 33,577 (4.5%) |
| Testosterone | 4,118 (4.3%) | 1 (0.0%) | 336 (8.1%) | 461 (0.1%) |
| Thiazide diuretic | 4,898 (5.1%) | 290 (14.1%) | 248 (6.0%) | 38,207 (5.1%) |
| Thyroxine | 1,260 (1.3%) | 77 (3.8%) | 52 (1.3%) | 18,446 (2.5%) |
| Vitamin D supplementation | 362 (0.4%) | 76 (3.7%) | 22 (0.5%) | 2,198 (0.3%) |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
*
Represents a 5% systematic random sample of HIV- and HBV-uninfected non-Asian/Pacific Islander patients.
†
Hepatic decompensation defined by a diagnosis of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, variceal hemorrhage, or hepatic encephalopathy.
‡
Patients may have been prescribed more than one antiviral medications for chronic HBV infection.