Table 1. Sleep related factors that contribute to RSD in CHF.

Loss of skeletal muscle tone

Reduced minute volume of ventilation

Upper airway instability

Change from cortical to chemical (CO2) control of ventilation

Change in posture (standing to supine) and effects on lung volume

Increased vagal and loss of sympathetic nervous control

Reduced heart rate & stroke volume

Reduced minute volume of ventilation

RSD, respiratory sleep disorders; CHF, congestive heart failure.