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Biological effects of stress on the hippocampus. As the severity (intensity, duration) of stress increases, alterations in neurochemicals, synaptic plasticity, neural activity, cytoarchitecture, and neurogenesis occur in the hippocampus that can influence subsequent cognitive functions, such as learning and memory, and contribute to psychopathologies. + and − represent an increase and decrease in hippocampal functioning, respectively. Adapted from Kim and Yoon (1998).
