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. 2015 Sep;22(9):411–416. doi: 10.1101/lm.037291.114

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© 2015 Kim et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the first 12 months after the full-issue publication date (see http://learnmem.cshlp.org/site/misc/terms.xhtml). After 12 months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Figure 5. — A systems-level model of stress. The complexity of stress is operationally defined to comprise heightened arousal or excitability [f(E)], perceived aversiveness [f(A)], and decreased controllability [f(C)], with the HPA axis, the amygdala, and the mPFC hypothesized as biological counterparts, respectively (Kim and Diamond 2002). The interaction between these components is thought to mediate stress effects on the hippocampus (and other brain structures).