Table 1. Data on Patients (N = 1,793) Served by Los Angeles County Safety-Net Clinics, DCAT (2010–2013) and MDDP (2005–2009), Used to Train and Validate the PreDICD Prediction Model .
| Parameter | Patients from DCAT |
Patients from MDDP |
P c | Patients From the Combined Data Set |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na | Statisticsb | Na | Statisticsb | Na | Statisticsb | ||
| Depression symptoms | |||||||
| PHQ-9 (possible score: 0–27; higher = more severe depression) | 1,406 | 6.67(6.00) | 387 | 14.72(2.95) | <.001 | 1,793 | 8.41(6.41) |
| PHQ-910 | 1,406 | 399 (28.38%) | 387 | 387 (100%) | <.001 | 1,793 | 786 (43.84%) |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age, y | 1,406 | 53.27 (9.24) | 387 | 53.97 (8.74) | .17 | 1,793 | 53.42 (9.13) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 1,403 | 1,254 (89.38%) | 387 | 372 (96.12%) | <.001 | 1,790 | 1626 (90.84%) |
| BMI | 1,385 | 32.73 (7.28) | 383 | 32.90 (7.55) | .69 | 1,768 | 32.77 (7.34) |
| Female | 1,406 | 892 (63.44%) | 387 | 318 (82.17%) | <.001 | 1,793 | 1210 (67.48%) |
| Diabetes characteristics | |||||||
| Years with diabetes | 1,379 | 10.27 (7.64) | 385 | 10.32 (8.60) | .92 | 1,764 | 10.28 (7.86) |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 1,344 | 9.24 (2.12) | 374 | 9.03 (2.19) | .10 | 1,71,8 | 9.19 (2.14) |
| Hemoglobin A1c tested | 1,406 | 1,344 (95.59%) | 387 | 374 (96.64%) | .36 | 1,793 | 1718 (95.82%) |
| Toobert diabetes self-care (range 0–7, higher=better diabetes self-care) | 1,406 | 4.33 (1.31) | 387 | 3.38 (1.45) | <.001 | 1,793 | 4.12 (1.40) |
| Total number of diabetes complications | 1,406 | 1.27 (1.15) | 387 | 1.45 (1.04) | .004 | 1,793 | 1.31 (1.13) |
| On insulin | 1,406 | 742 (52.77%) | 387 | 107 (27.65%) | <.001 | 1,793 | 849 (47.35%) |
| On diabetes oral medication | 1,406 | 1,227 (87.27%) | 387 | 321 (82.95%) | .03 | 1,793 | 1548 (86.34%) |
| Depression history | |||||||
| Previous diagnosis of major depressive disorder | 1,406 | 120 (8.53%) | 387 | 74 (19.12%) | <.001 | 1,793 | 194 (10.82%) |
| Other health conditions | |||||||
| Previous diagnosis of panic | 1,406 | 7 (0.50%) | 387 | 5 (1.29%) | .09 | 1,793 | 12 (0.67%) |
| Previous diagnosis of anxiety | 1,406 | 14 (1.00%) | 387 | 11 (2.84%) | .006 | 1,793 | 25 (1.39%) |
| Number of ICD-9 diagnoses in past 6 months | 1,389 | 7.03 (4.45) | 387 | 7.93 (3.56) | <.001 | 1,776 | 7.23 (4.29) |
| Chronic pain | 1,406 | 354 (25.18%) | 387 | 126 (32.56%) | .004 | 1,793 | 480 (26.77%) |
| Self-rated health status | |||||||
| 1 (Poor) | 1,406 | 223 (15.86%) | 387 | 144 (37.21%) | <.001 | 1,793 | 367 (20.47%) |
| 2 (Fair) | 633 (45.02%) | 206 (53.23%) | 839 (46.79%) | ||||
| 3 (Good) | 468 (33.29%) | 27 (6.98%) | 495 (27.61%) | ||||
| 4 (Very good) | 69 (4.91%) | 7 (1.81%) | 76 (4.24%) | ||||
| 5 (Excellent) | 13 (0.92%) | 3 (0.78%) | 16 (0.89%) | ||||
| Health care use | |||||||
| Hospitalization in past 6 months | 1,406 | 218 (15.50%) | 387 | 62 (16.02%) | .80 | 1,793 | 280 (15.62%) |
| Admitted to Emergency Department in past 6 months | 1,404 | 385 (27.42%) | 387 | 63 (16.28%) | <.001 | 1,791, | 448 (25.01%) |
| Number of outpatient clinic visits in past 6 months | 1,406 | 2.81 (3.56) | 387 | 2.96 (2.81) | .38 | 1,793 | 2.84 (3.41) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DCAT, Diabetes–Depression Care-Management Adoption Trial; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision; MDDP, Multifaceted Diabetes and Depression Program; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire, 9-items; PreDICD, Predicting Diabetes Patients with Comorbid Depression.
a
Number of respondents
b
Values are numbers (column percentages) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables
c
P values were calculated by using χ2 test for categorical variables and t test for continuous variables.