Table 3. Percentage of children with below average school performance on different items according to background characteristics.
Variable | School outcome measures (%) | All | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavior | Language | Arithmetic | Science | IT | Sports | ||
Total | 9.4 | 15.7 | 16.4 | 16.8 | 10.7 | 5.4 | 12.4 |
Birth weighta, b,c,d,e,f | |||||||
LBW | 16.6 | 33.3 | 34.4 | 32.3 | 28.1 | 9.4 | 25.7 |
NBW | 7.8 | 11.9 | 12.3 | 13.5 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 9.5 |
Types of schoola,c,d,e,f | |||||||
Public | 10.6 | 16.6 | 19.8 | 18.9 | 12.6 | 6.7 | 14.2 |
Private | 4.7 | 12.1 | 2.8 | 8.4 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 5.1 |
Place of residencea,e | |||||||
Muscat | 10.6 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 16.1 | 9.4 | 5.0 | 12.4 |
A’Dhahirah | 4.7 | 11.3 | 15.1 | 19.8 | 16.0 | 6.6 | 12.3 |
Gendera,b | |||||||
Boy | 11.5 | 19.2 | 17.7 | 19.2 | 10.4 | 4.2 | 13.7 |
Girl | 7.4 | 12.4 | 15.2 | 14.5 | 11.0 | 6.4 | 11.2 |
Agec,e | |||||||
7–9 | 8.6 | 16.4 | 18.8 | 16.9 | 12.1 | 5.9 | 13.1 |
10–11 | 11.2 | 14.1 | 11.2 | 16.5 | 7.6 | 4.1 | 10.8 |
Birth order | |||||||
1 | 6.0 | 14.7 | 16.4 | 18.1 | 11.2 | 3.4 | 11.6 |
2–4 | 10.9 | 15.7 | 15.0 | 14.6 | 8.0 | 4.4 | 11.4 |
5+ | 9.2 | 16.4 | 19.1 | 19.7 | 15.1 | 8.6 | 14.7 |
Birth interval (years) | |||||||
<2 | 12.7 | 16.9 | 21.2 | 19.5 | 12.7 | 4.2 | 14.5 |
≥2 | 8.5 | 15.3 | 15.1 | 16.0 | 10.1 | 5.7 | 11.8 |
Family size | |||||||
1–2 | 11.0 | 16.8 | 15.6 | 16.8 | 11.6 | 4.0 | 12.6 |
3–4 | 8.0 | 10.7 | 14.4 | 13.4 | 5.9 | 4.3 | 9.5 |
5+ | 9.3 | 19.8 | 19.2 | 20.3 | 14.8 | 7.7 | 15.2 |
Economic statusb,c,d | |||||||
Low-income family | 8.6 | 24.8 | 22.2 | 23.5 | 13.6 | 2.5 | 15.9 |
Middle-high income family | 7.9 | 14.2 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 10.5 | 6.0 | 11.5 |
Mother’s educationb,c,d,e | |||||||
Less than secondary | 9.5 | 20.7 | 21.2 | 22.5 | 15.3 | 6.3 | 15.9 |
Secondary and above | 9.4 | 12.2 | 13.1 | 12.8 | 7.5 | 4.7 | 10.0 |
Mother’s employmentb,c,d | |||||||
House-wife | 9.6 | 17.7 | 18.2 | 19.2 | 11.9 | 6.1 | 13.8 |
Employed | 8.8 | 10.2 | 11.6 | 10.2 | 7.5 | 3.4 | 8.6 |
Father’s educationb,d,e | |||||||
Less than secondary | 12.6 | 21.0 | 18.9 | 22.4 | 15.4 | 6.3 | 16.1 |
Secondary and above | 8.3 | 13.8 | 15.5 | 14.8 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 11.1 |
a Indicates significant effect (p<0.050) on behavioral difficulties; b indicates significant effect (p<0.050) on language difficulties; c indicates significant effect (p<0.050) on arithmetic difficulties; d indicates significant effect (p<0.050) on science difficulties; e indicates significant effect (p<0.050) on information technology (IT) difficulties; f indicates significant effect (p<0.050) on sports difficulties