Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in external validation cohort (AMUSE-2; patients presenting in primary care, with suspected pulmonary embolism), and baseline characteristics of development studies of five diagnostic prediction models. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | AMUSE 2 validation cohort (n=598) | Original Wells20 (n=1260) | Modified/simplified Wells33 (n=3306) | Original revised Geneva34 (n=965) | Simplified revised Geneva35 (n=1049) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 173 (28.9) | NR | 1409 (42.6) | 403 (41.8) | 414 (39.5) |
| Mean (SD) age, years | 48 (16) | NR | 53 (18) | 61 (19) | 56 (SD NR) |
| Venous thromboembolic events | 73 (12.2) | NA | NA | NA | 241 (23.0) |
| Pulmonary embolism cases | 72 (12.0) | 222 (17.6) | 674 (20.4) | 222 (23.0) | 241 (23.0) |
| Items Wells rule | |||||
| Clinical signs and symptoms of DVT | 57 (9.5) | NR | 190 (5.7) | NR | NR |
| Alternative diagnosis less likely | 333 (55.7) | NR | 2032 (61.5) | NR | NR |
| Heart rate >100 bpm | 111 (18.6) | NR | 867 (26.2) | NR | NR |
| Immobilisation or recent surgery | 94 (15.7) | NR | 610 (18.5) | 232 (24.0) | NR |
| Previous pulmonary embolism or DVT | 84 (14.0) | 160 (12.7) | 480 (14.5) | 166 (17.2) | NR |
| Haemoptysis | 21 (3.5) | NR | 176 (5.3) | 43 (4.5) | NR |
| Malignancy | 26 (4.3) | NR | 476 (14.4) | 89 (9.2) | NR |
| Items revised Geneva score | |||||
| Age >65 years | 103 (17.2) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Heart rate: | |||||
| <75 bpm | 187 (31.3) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 75-94 bpm | 259 (43.3) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| >94 bpm | 152 (25.4) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Lower limb pain | 96 (16.1) | NR | NR | 138 (14.3) | NR |
| Oedema/swelling | 48 (8.0) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Pain and swelling*† | 22 (3.7) | NR | NR | 51 (5.3) | NR |
| Pain on lower limb deep venous palpation† | 34 (5.7) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Pain and swelling*‡ | 24 (4.0) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Pain on lower limb deep venous palpation‡ | 391 (65.4) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| D-dimer measurement | |||||
| Qualitative D-dimer positive | 259 (43.3) | NR | NA§ | NA | NA§ |
DVT=deep venous thrombosis; NA=not applicable; NR=not reported.
*“Pain and swelling” is a composite variable, formed by variable “Oedema/swelling” present and/or variable “pain on deep vein (DV) palpation” present.
†Missing values for “pain on DV palpation” (n=357 (59.7%)) were assigned as “pain on DV palpation” absent.
‡Missing values for “pain on DV palpation” (n=357 (59.7%)) were assigned as “pain on DV palpation” present.
§Quantitative D-dimer test instead of qualitative point of care D-dimer test performed.